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      學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 知識(shí)大全 > 知識(shí)百科 > 百科知識(shí) > 過去完成時(shí)的用法正確運(yùn)用的方法

      過去完成時(shí)的用法正確運(yùn)用的方法

      時(shí)間: 謝君787 分享

      過去完成時(shí)的用法正確運(yùn)用的方法

        過去完成時(shí)通常表述的是過去某一時(shí)刻前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài),其用法你了解多少呢?以下是由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理關(guān)于過去完成時(shí)的用法的內(nèi)容,希望大家喜歡!

        過去完成時(shí)的用法

        1、定義

       ?、俦硎景l(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)過去晚些時(shí)候造成的影響或結(jié)果

       ?、谶^去某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去晚些時(shí)候?qū)砜赡苓€要延續(xù)。

        句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去之前(過去的過去),即過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去。

        He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他說他已經(jīng)去過北京兩次。(因?yàn)?ldquo;說”said就是過去式,而去北京的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說said 的過去,所以用過完而不用現(xiàn)完。

        過去完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有

        (1)、by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words.

        (2)、By the time sb. +動(dòng)詞過去式 The bus had already left by the time I got there.

        2、基本結(jié)構(gòu)

        主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done)

       ?、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z+had+過去分詞.

       ?、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z+had+not+過去分詞.

       ?、垡话阋蓡柧洌篐ad+主語+過去分詞?  肯定回答:Yes,主語+had.  否定回答:No,主語+had not . ④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞)?

       ?、荼粍?dòng)語態(tài):主語+had(hadn't)+been+過去分詞

        3、基本用法

        (1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”??梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句 (在復(fù)合句中,由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時(shí)間狀語從句 )來表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。例如:By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

        (2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came./He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

        (3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過去完成時(shí)。例如:Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine./ I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

        (4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。   例如:I returned the book that I had borrowed./ She found the key that she had lost.

        (5)過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。例如:He said that he had known her well./ I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

        (6)狀語從句:在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在前,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的。例如:When I woke up, it had already stopped raining./ She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.

        注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)?這 時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。例如:After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

        (7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。例如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We had hoped to be able to come and see you .

        (8)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) … 等固定句型中。例如:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him./ No sooner had he arrived then he went away again./ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.

        時(shí)間狀語before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than,yet,already等。

        3、過去完成時(shí)-語法判定

        A、由時(shí)間狀語來判定。一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:

        ( 1 ) by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

        ( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

        ( 3 ) before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

        B、由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:

        ( 1 )賓語從句中,當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如:She said that she had seen the film before.

        ( 2 )狀語從句中,在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如:After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.   注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如:After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

        ( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

        C、根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

        4、過去完成時(shí)-語法區(qū)別

        (1)、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

        現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。

        比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。

        I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。

        — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。

        — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

        (2)、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

        雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):

        A. 時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。

        比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

        They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

        B. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

        C. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

        如何正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)

        1. 正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”。“過去的過去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間,即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過去時(shí)間而言,并在其過去。這種相對(duì)的“過去的過去”有時(shí)通過一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來,有時(shí)則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn):

        I found the watch which I had lost.

        我找到了我丟失的表。

        The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed.

        屋子里很安靜,大家都睡覺了。

        "Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在,回家了。”

        【注】有些通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語,由于在一定的語境中,謂語動(dòng)作移到了“過去的過去”,也應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。比較:

        We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris.

        自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。

        I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris.

      一般過去時(shí)的用法

        上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了,自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。

        2. 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法

        過去完成時(shí)可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算,通常連用的動(dòng)詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:

        I had meant to come, but something happened.

        我本想來,但有事就沒有來。

        I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.

        我本想發(fā)言,但時(shí)間不允許。

        We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t.

        我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。
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