having been+

　　v-ed

　　(having been

　　done)

　　與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。

　　　　c) 分詞作狀語的句法功能

　　分詞在句中作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式、伴隨等。分詞作狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：

　　Hearing the news，we got excited. (=When we heard the news，we got excited.)

　　Given more time，I can do it better.(=If I am given more time，I can do it better.)

　　Having been told many times，he still made the same mistake.

　　(=After he had been told many times，he still made the same mistake. )

　　Not having understood the problem， Betty went to the teacher for help.

　　(=Because Betty had not understood the problem，she went to

　　the teacher for help.)

　　They went home earlier than usual today，leaving the work unfinished.

　　The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.

　　(=The teacher came into the lab and was followed by the students.)

　　　　(3) 作表語

　　通常情況下現(xiàn)在分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)特征;過去分詞作表語說明主語的狀態(tài)

　　兼有被動(dòng)之意。如：

　　The situation here is encouraging and we are encouraged.

　　Our classroom is very crowded.

　　After dinner，the boy remained standing beside the table.

　　　　(4) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，主要跟在一些感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的后面。如：

　　You’d better have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow.

　　The lady found her valuable necklace missing after the party.

　　Don’t keep the boy standing outside.

　　　　4、關(guān)于動(dòng)詞-ed和動(dòng)詞-ing用法的幾點(diǎn)說明

　　(1)動(dòng)詞-ed和動(dòng)詞-ing的否定形式由not加分詞構(gòu)成。否定詞not永遠(yuǎn)在動(dòng)詞-ed或動(dòng)詞-ing的前面。如：

　　Not having done it well，I tried again.

　　Not caring about his health，the old engineer carried on his plan.

　　His not having finished the work on time，he was punished by the boss.

　　(2)通常分詞作狀語時(shí) ，分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語保持一致。如：

　　Having finished her work，David’s mother went home.

　　(= After David’s mother finished her work，she went home.)

　　*當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時(shí)，分詞必須有自己的主語。如：

　　His glasses broken，he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.

　　There being no bus.we had to walk home after school.

　　(3)表示時(shí)間關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系等分詞短語有時(shí)可以由連詞when/while或if/unless等引導(dǎo)。如：When first introduced to the market，these products enjoyed great success.

　　I won’t go to the party unless invited.

　　(4)有時(shí)可用“with(without)+名詞(或代詞)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況。如：

　　The thief was brought in，with his hand tied behind.