英語語音基本知識
要想說好英語語音,就要有英語語音的一些基本知識。小編為大家整理了一些英語語言的基本知識,希望對大家學(xué)習(xí)英語有幫助。
1.關(guān)于語音的幾個(gè)概念
1)字母:語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2)音標(biāo):詞的語音形式。
3)音素:音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。
4)音節(jié):由元音和輔音構(gòu)成的發(fā)音單位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5)元音:發(fā)音響亮,是樂音;口腔中氣流不收阻礙;是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有20元音。
6)輔音:發(fā)音不響亮,是噪音;口腔中氣流受到阻礙;不是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有28輔音。
7)開音節(jié):a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike ;b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi
8)閉音節(jié):a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it
9)重讀音節(jié):單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。
2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標(biāo))
1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth
3)[e] bed, desk, head,
4)[æ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6)[ɔ] hot, want
7)[ ɔ:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9)[u] look, put, women, could
10)[Λ] cup, come, blood, rough
11)[ә:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12)[ә] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15)[әu] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16)[au] house, town
17)[ɔi] boy, oil
18)[iә] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19)[εә] pear, care, there, fair
20)[uә] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1)[e] [æ] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2)[i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3)[e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4)[au] [ɔ:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5)[au] [Λ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 輔音
1)[p] pen,
2)[b] bed, comb
3)[t] tell,
4)[d], day, played, wanted
5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6)[g] big, go, guess, language
7)[m] man
8)[n] nine, knife, autumn
9)[η] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10)[l] land, world
11)[r] read, write,
12)[f] five, cough, laugh
13)[v] voice, of
14)[θ] think,
15)[ ð] this, bathe
16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17)[z] zoo, close,
18)[∫] sure, she, social, nation
19)[/] pleasure,
20)[h] hot, who, hour
21)[w] wall, what, answer
22)[j] yes
23)[t∫] child, teach, catch
24)[d/] joke, bridge,
25)[ts] boats
26)[dz] goods
27)[tr] tree
28)[dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的輔音
1)[v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2)[s] [θ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3)[z] [ð] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4)[n] [η] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 讀音規(guī)則
1)重讀音節(jié)(見元音和輔音的例句)
2)非重讀音節(jié) [ә] banana, student, today, after,
[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊讀音
1)音的連讀:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2)失去爆破:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3)音的同化:this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?
8. 重音
1)單詞重音
A)雙音節(jié)詞
a)一般在第一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞,第二個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。
a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss,
im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關(guān), 一般名詞的重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上,其它的詞性在第二個(gè)音節(jié)上。
'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些復(fù)合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞,有兩個(gè)重音。
'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音節(jié)詞
a)一般倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些雙音節(jié)詞,加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié),但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。
'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后綴的詞,重音在這些后綴的前一個(gè)音節(jié)上。
cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后綴的詞,重音在該后綴上,而且有一個(gè)次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英語的節(jié)奏:(輕)-輕-重-輕-(輕)或重-輕-(輕)(輕)重
B) 英語句子的長短:是由句子中的重讀詞的數(shù)目決定的,而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字?jǐn)?shù)目決定的。
C) 實(shí)詞重讀(副詞重讀),虛詞輕讀(冠詞,單音節(jié)介詞,單音節(jié)連詞,人稱代詞,反代詞,物主代詞,關(guān)系代詞,相互代詞,助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be.
D) 實(shí)詞不重讀的特殊情況
a) 實(shí)詞第二次出現(xiàn)
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一個(gè)名詞被第二個(gè)名詞修飾
I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替詞
Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在專有名詞中
Wangfujing Street.
f) this在這些短語中,this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be在句首,句尾和否定時(shí)。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.
I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示可能,驚奇和肯定時(shí)。
They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介詞在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。
If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
He couldn't come himself.