如何訓(xùn)練雅思寫(xiě)作中英式思維
大陸雅思考生在雅思寫(xiě)作上的均分是在6分以下的,事實(shí)上,作為雅思考試中比較有難度的一項(xiàng),雅思作文想要拿高分很難,首先因?yàn)槲幕牟煌?,很多考鴨不具備英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的思維,這種思維不是1,2天就能通過(guò)技巧學(xué)習(xí)到的。小編就為大家具體介紹一下如何才能更好地模仿英式寫(xiě)作思維,并獲得雅思寫(xiě)作考官的好感。
如何訓(xùn)練雅思寫(xiě)作中的英式思維
首先大家要明白,如果腦袋里有一個(gè)中文的概念或者想法,要用英文來(lái)表達(dá)的時(shí)候總是免不了緊張,因?yàn)橛捎谥杏蓢?guó)的文化不同,很多東西無(wú)法表達(dá)----非??赡懿皇且?yàn)榭忌恼Z(yǔ)言問(wèn)題,而是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)中國(guó)的概念在英文里面根本就不存在。有數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)中英兩國(guó)語(yǔ)言的詞匯量只有40%能互通(所謂的equivalent),而這就意味著剩余的60%的表達(dá)肯定是和原文有很大出入的。
甚至很多我們生活中經(jīng)常使用的語(yǔ)言,不假思索就能說(shuō)出的概念,在英語(yǔ)文化里很可能根本就沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá),例如“熱鬧”這個(gè)詞,考生們可以試試能否在英文單詞中找到讓你滿(mǎn)意的對(duì)得上號(hào)的詞。“這個(gè)地方很熱鬧”這句話(huà),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可以有不同的翻譯,但是總體而言,“熱鬧”作為一個(gè)詞來(lái)說(shuō),在英文里幾乎是沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的。
因此,我們才強(qiáng)調(diào),寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)作文,說(shuō)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ),要用英語(yǔ)思維,不要用中式思維。這對(duì)于很多人來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)很空洞的概念,只有當(dāng)你真正用英語(yǔ)與外國(guó)人交流的時(shí)候才會(huì)體會(huì)到英式思維的重要性。
這的確很難,因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谥惺剿季S里面扎根的太深了。事實(shí)上,這也和兩國(guó)語(yǔ)言本身的特點(diǎn)有關(guān)。魯迅就說(shuō)過(guò),中文和外文比,吃虧就吃在不夠精確,具體到單詞水平,就是“詞匯量少”。因?yàn)樵~匯量少,因此中文特別講究“上下文”,一個(gè)模糊的詞只有在一個(gè)特定的語(yǔ)境里面才能讓讀者感到一個(gè)特定的意思。
相比而言,英文在這方面就不是這樣,具體的說(shuō),大部分英語(yǔ)詞都是有著非常確定的意思的,因此,那些在中文里面需要聯(lián)系上下文才能端倪出的細(xì)微差別,也許在英文里面只是另一個(gè)單詞而已。記住這點(diǎn),筆者下面所說(shuō)的也許會(huì)對(duì)諸位有用,在這里,筆者提供一個(gè)方法,就是如果你腦袋中有一個(gè)想法的話(huà),仔細(xì)想想你到底想精確說(shuō)的是什么意思。比如,當(dāng)你想說(shuō)某一個(gè)命題錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候,你最好想清楚它到底錯(cuò)在哪里,“illogical, irresponsible, biased, prejudice, fallacy, untrue”這些詞之間都有著或大或小的差別,所以主要想看你到底想說(shuō)的是什么。
綜上,各位考鴨如果想鍛煉寫(xiě)作的話(huà),建議要做的第一樣功課,就是求精細(xì)。只有你自己求精細(xì)了,才能發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)刊、書(shū)籍中對(duì)相近的概念的不同表達(dá)法的精妙之處,才會(huì)由衷地為某篇文章的一個(gè)用詞會(huì)心一笑。寫(xiě)作就是思維表達(dá)的一種形式。西方人直線(xiàn)式的思維方式體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言上就是西方人說(shuō)話(huà)寫(xiě)文章喜歡開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,把關(guān)鍵性的話(huà)放在開(kāi)頭,然后再論及其它次要的內(nèi)容。
而雅思寫(xiě)作涉及到語(yǔ)言的方方面面,從語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)最基本的因素包括遣詞、造句和篇章。螺旋與直入的思維差異就會(huì)影響到這些方面,具體包括修飾語(yǔ)與中心詞、句子和篇章。
修飾語(yǔ)與中心詞
英語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ),如介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、定語(yǔ)從句等皆放在被修飾語(yǔ)的后面;而漢語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)無(wú)論長(zhǎng)短、繁簡(jiǎn),皆置于被修飾語(yǔ)的前面。體現(xiàn)了直入與螺旋的不同的思維方式。例如:
1. The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste gases.
漢語(yǔ)“全世界的科學(xué)家”,修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后,而英語(yǔ)則是中心詞在前,修飾語(yǔ)在后?!皟艋諝狻⒎乐箍諝馐艿礁鞣N有害工業(yè)廢氣污染的有效方法”同樣是修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后,而英語(yǔ)則相反。
2. We appreciate your words about the relations between our two countries.
漢語(yǔ)“有關(guān)我們兩國(guó)關(guān)系的談話(huà)”,修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后,而英語(yǔ)則是中心詞在前,修飾語(yǔ)在后?!坝嘘P(guān)我們兩國(guó)關(guān)系”,同樣是修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后,而英語(yǔ)則相反。
3. The hungry boy ate up everything he could have his hands on from the refrigerator.
“他從冰箱里所能拿到的吃的東西”,修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后,而英語(yǔ)則是中心詞在前,修飾語(yǔ)在后。
4. The problem arose of how to fairly distribute the world natural resources.
比較而言,該句主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)太短,構(gòu)成了不連續(xù)性修飾語(yǔ),不過(guò)還是有些突兀,但修飾語(yǔ)還得后置。而漢語(yǔ)“怎樣合理分配世界自然資然的問(wèn)題”仍是修飾語(yǔ)在前,中心詞在后。
句子
英語(yǔ)句子開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,其主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是全句的“綱”,其余成份是“目”,一般先下結(jié)論,后敘事,從近到遠(yuǎn),新近發(fā)生的事先出現(xiàn),重心落在句首。漢語(yǔ)句子一般以邏輯關(guān)系和時(shí)間的先后順序排列,一般先敘事,后下結(jié)論,由遠(yuǎn)及近,重心落在句尾。這種差異體現(xiàn)了直入與螺旋的不同的思維方式。
中國(guó)學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作時(shí)往往會(huì)受漢語(yǔ)思維的影響,寫(xiě)出下面的句子:
1. When I stayed in Guangzhou last month, you helped me. I am grateful for that.
2. Tom’s mother died when he was only two years old, so he did not remember her.
3. After we left China in 1959, the natural calamities happened one after another for three years in the country. While we read about it at home, we had been dismayed.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet Dad came all the same. That made us very joyful.
如果按英語(yǔ)直入的思維方式,以上幾句要改寫(xiě)成:
1. I am very grateful for your help to me during my stay in Guangzhou last month.
2. Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two years old.
3. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that happened one after another for three years after we left China in 1959.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet to our great joy, Dad came all the same.
這種思維方式的轉(zhuǎn)換要是更復(fù)雜一點(diǎn),對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),是需要操練的。例如:
1. 我認(rèn)為如果他們初次相識(shí)時(shí),她很窮,他未必會(huì)愛(ài)她。這位女性由于對(duì)他有好感而幫助他,使他心存感激,這種感激之情很容易發(fā)展成為真摯的愛(ài)情。
I do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when he first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help which he owed to her kindly interest in him easily developed into a sincere affection. (條件關(guān)系和多層因果關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)換)
2. 她去深圳參加一個(gè)會(huì)議,會(huì)議結(jié)束后,她就到香港去購(gòu)物,昨天才回來(lái)。
She came back yesterday from Hong Kong where she had gone shopping after the meeting in Shenzhen.(時(shí)間順序的轉(zhuǎn)換)
段落篇章
總體而言,英文篇章,一般都采用直線(xiàn)型的形式,尤其是說(shuō)明文和議論文,更是一般——具體式的。英語(yǔ)篇章是a writer-responsible pattern, 即作者在篇章中有責(zé)任、有義務(wù)向讀者交代其主旨或目的。為使讀者省時(shí)高效,英語(yǔ)篇章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,一開(kāi)頭就直接點(diǎn)明段落的主題句 (topic sentence) 或全文的中心思想 (thesis statement), 即亮明作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、看法等;或者以引言開(kāi)門(mén),即“首先用一個(gè)熟悉的事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、故事、引言等開(kāi)頭,然后直接見(jiàn)到作者全文的觀點(diǎn)思想”。
由以上分析可知,西方人的直線(xiàn)式思維和中國(guó)人的螺旋式思維存在明顯的差異,體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言中,幾乎滲透到語(yǔ)言的各個(gè)單位,包括詞匯、句子、段落和全篇。當(dāng)然,筆者無(wú)意說(shuō)思維模式孰好孰壞,正如我們不能斷言文化模式孰好孰壞一樣。但作為學(xué)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人,學(xué)原汁原味的語(yǔ)言是我們要達(dá)到的最高境界。自然,這里的語(yǔ)言也應(yīng)包括discourse或text。
因此考生們要知道,一種思維是一種文化長(zhǎng)期的積淀,它已進(jìn)入該民族的潛意識(shí),根深蒂固,如果只學(xué)語(yǔ)言本身,不會(huì)知其所以然,一旦到了使用語(yǔ)言時(shí),漢語(yǔ)思維自然突現(xiàn),寫(xiě)出Chinglish, 渾然不知。此外,建議考生多背誦和模仿英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典文章,如《新概念英語(yǔ)》第三冊(cè)上的文章,筆者認(rèn)為皆為語(yǔ)言的精華,不但文詞優(yōu)美,每課都是一篇范文,原汁原味,多讀這樣的文章,一定會(huì)有所啟發(fā)。由此看來(lái),老生常談而又令人費(fèi)解的“學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)思維”,倒不如換個(gè)說(shuō)法——學(xué)會(huì)英漢思維轉(zhuǎn)換,即懂得英漢思維的差異,在平時(shí)讀書(shū)的時(shí)候去真實(shí)地領(lǐng)悟,久而久之,就能寫(xiě)出地道的英文來(lái),至少不會(huì)寫(xiě)出那么多的Chinglish。
綜上所述,想要取得雅思寫(xiě)作7分甚至更高的分?jǐn)?shù),單靠所謂的模板和復(fù)雜的句式是做不到的,只有從寫(xiě)作思維模式上進(jìn)行改變,才有可能取得好的寫(xiě)作成績(jī)。而中式思維的根深蒂固必定會(huì)對(duì)正確的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作思維產(chǎn)生阻力,因此,臨摹英式思維的文章以及閱讀海外學(xué)術(shù)著作對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)變寫(xiě)作思維有著至關(guān)重要的作用。
最后為大家總結(jié)一句,想要拿到雅思寫(xiě)作7分以上的分?jǐn)?shù),雅思寫(xiě)作模板及一些復(fù)雜句顯然是不夠的,考鴨們需要在雅思寫(xiě)作考試中注重訓(xùn)練自己的寫(xiě)作思維模式。各位考鴨不妨多去外文新聞網(wǎng)站及刊物上尋找這種思維方式,并不斷去模仿,這不僅有助于雅思寫(xiě)作高分,更能提高自己的英文寫(xiě)作能力,可謂一舉兩得。祝各位考鴨早日擺脫雅思寫(xiě)作,和雅思說(shuō)分手。
托福寫(xiě)作必備的四大技巧
一、閱讀:尋找核心句和關(guān)鍵詞,切忌word by word。
英美人寫(xiě)文章的總體邏輯可以概括為總分或總分總。而托福綜合寫(xiě)作的閱讀材料多為前者布局,且多為四段式(首段總起,三段分別展開(kāi))。 首段主要用來(lái)提供背景信息或者提出話(huà)題,(注意:閱讀和聽(tīng)力是同一個(gè)話(huà)題,極少考到觀點(diǎn)相互補(bǔ),多為觀點(diǎn)相對(duì)立。)而作者的立場(chǎng)或論點(diǎn)多位于首段的最后一句,聰明的考生會(huì)把注意力多集中于首段的尾句,確定作者的立論點(diǎn),從而對(duì)于下一階段的聽(tīng)力大致話(huà)題和論述做到心中有底?! ‰S后的段落即展開(kāi)給出作者之所以立論的三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)或論據(jù),在單個(gè)的段落當(dāng)中,又遵循了西方人慣有的總分模式,單個(gè)段落的首句多為topic sentence,考生可以只關(guān)注三個(gè)段落的首句以快速獲取段落主要內(nèi)容,從而避免全文通讀速度不夠而導(dǎo)致的來(lái)不及看完閱讀。
二、聽(tīng)力:判斷說(shuō)話(huà)人立場(chǎng),記錄觀點(diǎn)和支持性論據(jù)
聽(tīng)力環(huán)節(jié)的筆記很重要,是決定綜合寫(xiě)作能否順利完成的關(guān)鍵因素。沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練或者疏于練習(xí)的同學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)于該記什么無(wú)從下手,結(jié)果就是筆記做了,自己看不懂,或者筆記太過(guò)凌亂,毫無(wú)可利用性。 要知道聽(tīng)力該記什么怎么記,此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記心里的仍然是西方人的邏輯性?!翱偡帧北砻髁嗽诼?tīng)力的開(kāi)始段是表明說(shuō)話(huà)者立場(chǎng)和論點(diǎn)的,那么按照我們之前分析的,閱讀和聽(tīng)力必然是同主題,所以聽(tīng)力開(kāi)始時(shí)候大家不必忙著亂記一通,事實(shí)上,什么都不用寫(xiě),鎮(zhèn)定情緒,聽(tīng)清說(shuō)話(huà)者的立場(chǎng)即可?! 〗又?,和閱讀中相似,說(shuō)話(huà)者會(huì)從三個(gè)方面闡述支持自己的觀點(diǎn),很多情況下,這三點(diǎn)和閱讀中的三點(diǎn)是剛好契合,一一對(duì)應(yīng)的。但聽(tīng)力三方面的分論據(jù)往往是從閱讀中無(wú)法推斷的,所以分論點(diǎn)及論據(jù)是需要同學(xué)進(jìn)行筆記的,應(yīng)當(dāng)記的是key words,切忌洋洋灑灑想記全一句話(huà),最后自己也難以讀懂。
三、想辦法提高自己的記憶容量。
各位考生不妨觀察一下自己抄寫(xiě)英文句子的情況。大多數(shù)未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練的第二語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者很可能都是每寫(xiě)下一個(gè)詞就要回去重新讀一次才能繼續(xù)抄下去——有的時(shí)候甚至可能需要每寫(xiě)一個(gè)字母就要返回文本重看一眼才能繼續(xù)。這說(shuō)明此人的記憶容量只能容納一個(gè)詞(或者甚至連一個(gè)詞都容納不了)。 記憶容量大的人理解文本更為容易,又因?yàn)槟軌蚶斫馑杂洃浳谋靖尤菀祝M(jìn)而又因?yàn)槟軌蛴浀米《?lián)系上下文更為輕松,而記憶容量過(guò)小的人基本上連看完一篇文章都非常吃力?! 〔贿^(guò),只要稍加訓(xùn)練,記憶容量就會(huì)擴(kuò)充至足夠用的地步。迅速將自己的英文記憶容量提高到“夠用”的地步,最好的方法就是通過(guò)“跟讀”、“朗讀”訓(xùn)練平日積累。因?yàn)槔首x可以非常有效而又迅速地提高文字理解能力。這很關(guān)鍵,記不住的最重要原因并非“記憶力差”——無(wú)論記憶力多好,都很難記住無(wú)法理解、無(wú)法關(guān)聯(lián) 的信息——聽(tīng)得懂才容易記得住。
四、是大家比較關(guān)心的模板問(wèn)題。
綜合寫(xiě)作中,要將閱讀和聽(tīng)力觀點(diǎn)整合起來(lái)時(shí),如果在準(zhǔn)備階段備有一套好用的模板,那么就是如虎添翼了。建議考生應(yīng)當(dāng)備有自己獨(dú)一無(wú)二的模板,通過(guò)對(duì)同義換詞,句型多變,做到集多個(gè)好模板于一身,又毫無(wú)雷同的獨(dú)家模板。
托福寫(xiě)作范文:電影受歡迎的原因
Movies are popular all over the world. Explain why movies are so popular. Use specific reasons and example to support your answer.
One of the most popular pastimes today is movie-going. With what started as moving-picture shows has dramatically developed into an industry that spends millions upon millions of dollars while still turning a gigantic profit.
Movies are so popular because they are the most fascinating and easiest escape means from increasing pressure, which comes from family, school, work, society, and so many other directions. Combined with acoustic and visual effect, movies are definitely more appealing for audiences who have exhausted themselves in the real world than are those printed novels. It must have been much easier to see a movie than to read a novel, since all the audience should do is simple to sit there in a soft chair in the dark about 150 minutes. Captured, involved, the audience in a movie theater will forget everything but the story in action on the screen.
Movies have magic power to let people immerse themselves in fiction. The point is that almost everyone long for the power of snapping his fingers and seeing his wishes and dreams instantly granted. Everyone long for eternity of love, many idealize about it but now in the theater it’s time to ‘feel’ it. Every move the character makes, every breath the character takes, all seem to happen around, and clearly sensible. On the screen, no entire life needed, movies illustrate all aspects of love we can imagine: all aspects of love, from the mushy warm and fuzzy feelings we feel with our children and companion animals, to platonic love we have with friends and acquaintances, to the romantic soul-mate kind of love, to the agape kind of unconditional love, it’s the full gamut. Dramas are created in order for us to play out different sides of ourselves.
In short, movies are so popular because many can escape into the world of fantasy and live vicariously through the characters and in doing so, work out different feelings and emotions that they may not have the opportunity to do in their ‘normal’ lives.[335 Words]
托福寫(xiě)作素材積累:家庭暴力and教育
Problems of Families and Family Violence
Some of these issues include family instability, divorce and child custody,
For example, economic conditions that force both parents to work full time outside the home without affordable child care can lead to child neglect and a host of subsequent social problems.
Problems of Health, Illness, and Health Care Delivery
The bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies, reproductive technologies,
physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia are among the many issues of health and medicine today.
Problems of Education
In the U.S. today, problems of education relate to funding, teacher quality and the status of the teaching profession, student academic performance and standardized testing, racial imbalances and equal educational opportunity, and the curriculum in relation to labor force needs and global
如何訓(xùn)練雅思寫(xiě)作中的英式思維相關(guān)文章: