托福寫作跑題多少分
有一些考生在靠托福寫作的時候由于時間比較趕,沒有好好審題就寫了,結(jié)果跑題了,那么托福寫作跑題多少分?來看看吧!
托福寫作跑題多少分
跑題扣分很嚴(yán)重,滿分5分一般給1分,小作文大概3-4分,取平均值就是2-2.5分,對應(yīng)30分就是14-17這個檔次吧,大部分大學(xué)單項要求都高于20分。建議準(zhǔn)備重考吧
解決托福寫作跑題的四個方法
1熟悉可能涉及的話題
從歷年托福真題回憶和tpo真題上總結(jié)的托福獨立寫作??嫉膖opics基本可分為:解釋現(xiàn)象類和對立觀點類。
給出兩個對立的事物或者一個事物對立的兩個方面,要求考生支持一方并進(jìn)行說明?;蚪o出兩個對立事物或一個事物對立的兩個方面,要求考生說明二者為什么不同或比較它們的優(yōu)缺點,并給出理由。例如:Some people like different friends.Other likes similar friends.Compare the advantages of these two kinds of friends.Which kind of friend do you prefer?Explain why.
topics從內(nèi)容上可分為:
學(xué)習(xí)類:(如自學(xué)還是跟老師學(xué),學(xué)廣還是學(xué)精)
工作類:(如在大公司還是小公司)
生活類:(如喜歡在家里吃飯還是在餐廳吃飯)
電視電影類:(如電視電影疏遠(yuǎn)了家人的情感,你是否同意)
消費(fèi)類:(如花在娛樂上,還是事業(yè)上)
環(huán)境類:(如政府投入環(huán)保的力度是否應(yīng)該大于投入經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的力度)
古老建筑類:(如是否應(yīng)該保留老建筑)
成功類:(如成功的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是金錢和榮耀,你的看法如何)
性格類:(如聰明的朋友比幽默的朋友重要,你是否同意)
2形成自己的答案資源庫
熟悉了寫作題目之后,就要準(zhǔn)備自己的答案資源庫了。
自己的資源庫要包括:同一類題目的通用觀點,有針對性的例證(不一定都要背名人典故,可以從自身取材,自給自足)。這些內(nèi)容都是要自己去深思,需要有人點撥,才能形成一個清晰的構(gòu)架和寫作流程的。
3線性思維,總-分-總
在新托福獨立寫作中,用這總分總種思維最容易獲得高分,所以你要在平時的練習(xí)中一定要注意寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福作文應(yīng)該寫成三個層次,也就是我們確立了中心思想后應(yīng)該找到三條理由來支持。托福作文五段論:第一段為中心思想段;二、三、四段為支持段落;最后一段為總結(jié)段落。其實這個東西并不是絕對的,由自己的思想內(nèi)容來決定。
4模仿幾個高分句子
高分句子不用很多,點綴其中,添彩即可。模仿的句子來源,可以是閱讀中的復(fù)雜句式,先分析長句子的語義功能:它在文章中起了什么作用,是總結(jié),是過渡,是舉例,還是因果?那么在用到總結(jié)的語句時,是不是能偷天換日地用上這樣的句式?用上幾次之后,這些句子就會變得簡單熟悉了。
托福寫作的主題怎樣確立
方法一:舉例----縮小范圍來論證。
如動物→鳥類,現(xiàn)代交通方式→飛機(jī),上面的舉例是最簡單的形式,即對單個詞/短語,或說單個對象舉例。我們在獨立寫作中會遇到對單個對象的舉例,這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對一個句子,或說多個對象互相聯(lián)系而串成的觀點舉例的情況,這時我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。
舉例的基本原則:
a. 細(xì)節(jié)性原則----細(xì)于被舉例者。
b. 一致性原則----良好體現(xiàn)與要用舉例證明的觀點的一致對應(yīng)關(guān)系,觀點中的重點信息應(yīng)在例子中不多不少地體現(xiàn)。
舉例的具體操作方法:
粗舉,細(xì)舉,引調(diào)查,列數(shù)字。
(1)粗例----粗獷的例子
"粗例"即一類人、物或事,或一個公認(rèn)事實的例子,說白了就是多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)可的信息。尋找這類例子的時候比較輕松,只要在觀點中找出可以繼續(xù)細(xì)化的重點信息然后"narrow down"就可以了
觀點1: Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1: International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
"粗例"可以建立"面"對"線"的關(guān)系,但需要注意不能太空洞,同時也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用,才能使整個段落更有血肉。
(2)細(xì)例----細(xì)致的例子
"細(xì)例"就是具體到一個人、一個物,或一件事,可以是實際存在的,也可以無中生有。這類例子更加鮮活,更有說服力,通常也能占據(jù)更長一些的篇幅,平時有意識地積累并靈活聯(lián)系,寫起這類例子來才會更加得心應(yīng)手。
a. 實際存在的,一方面,這類例子可以是身邊,家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報道出來的“名事”了
觀點2: Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
細(xì)例2: A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
觀點3: You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
細(xì)例3: Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外,"細(xì)例"的無中生有就是假設(shè)論證,常用if,supposing等開頭
觀點4: Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
細(xì)例4: If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
"細(xì)例"可以建立"面"對"點"的關(guān)系,讀者容易理解,但也要注意不能太松散,應(yīng)緊扣要證明的觀點,明顯突出觀點中的重點信息,寧缺毋濫;細(xì)例子有時自身的字?jǐn)?shù)貌似就已經(jīng)可以撐起一個段落,但即便如此也一定不能把例子描述完就完了,必要的動作是在最后加上一兩句總結(jié)或評論。
舉例子的方法除了上述的粗例和細(xì)例,有的時候還可以引用科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)或者調(diào)查報告的結(jié)論。大家也可以在平時的練習(xí)中總結(jié)一些好的例子以備不時之需。
托福獨立寫作范文:睡眠革命
睡眠革命
Evolution of sleep
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographicsense we share it with all the primates and almost allthe other mammals and birds: it may extend back asfar as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep,dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style ofthe animal, and that predators are statistically muchmore likely to dream than prey, which are in turnmuch more likely to experience dreamless sleep. Indream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to externalstimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking theirears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare amongpray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today,when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleepthan the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deepimmobilization ever have evolved?
Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact thatdolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by andlarge, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’svulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggestedthis to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their owninitiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. Thepoint seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notionand probably at least partly true.
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