初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法歸納整理
初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法歸納整理
初中英語(yǔ)介詞的用法有很多，知識(shí)點(diǎn)也不少，想要學(xué)好初中英語(yǔ)介詞的話，最好整理好初中英語(yǔ)介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編分享給大家的初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法歸納，希望可以幫到你!
初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法歸納
表示時(shí)間的介詞
at：用于表示時(shí)刻，時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)。
on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午，下午，晚上(指具體的某一天時(shí)，一律用on
in:用于表示周，月，季節(jié)，年，泛指上午，下午，晚上
before:在...之前
after:在...之后
by:在....前(時(shí)間)截止(到)...
until(till)：直到.....為止
for：達(dá)...之久(表示過了多少時(shí)間)
during：在....期間
through：一直..(從開始到結(jié)束)
from：從...起(時(shí)間)
since:自從...以來(表示從以前某時(shí)一直到現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù))
in：過...后(未來時(shí)間)
within：不超過...的范圍
表示場(chǎng)所，方向的介詞
at :在某地點(diǎn)(表示比較狹窄的場(chǎng)所)
in:在某地(表示比較寬敞的場(chǎng)所)
on:在...上面，有接觸面
above：在...上方
over：在...正上方，是under的反義詞
under：在..下面，在...之內(nèi)
below :在...下方(不一定是正下方)
near：近的，不遠(yuǎn)的
by:在...的旁邊，比near的距離要近
between：在兩者之間
among：在三者或者更多的之中
around：環(huán)繞，在...的周圍，在....的四周
in front of:在...的前面
behind：在...后邊
in：在..之內(nèi)，用于表示靜止的位置
into：進(jìn)入
out of :和into一樣，也表示有一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向
along：沿著
across：橫過(平面物體)
through：貫通，通過
to :達(dá)到..地點(diǎn)(目的地)或方向
for：表示目的，為了.....
from：從...地點(diǎn)起
其他介詞
with： 和..在一起; 具有，帶有; 用某種工具或方法
in： 表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，鉛筆等)或用什么語(yǔ)言。表示衣著.聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)時(shí)，不用with而用in。
by:通過...方法，手段
of:(屬于)...的，表示...的數(shù)量或種類
from：來自(某地，某人)，以...起始
without：沒有，是with的反義詞
like :像...一樣
as :作為
against：反對(duì)，靠著
about： 關(guān)于，各處，四周; 詢問某人，某物的情況或提出建議
初中英語(yǔ)幾大從句歸納總結(jié)
v 賓語(yǔ)從句
一. 定義：賓語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子
如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
二. 賓語(yǔ)從句有三種類型：
1.由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示陳述意義，連詞that?？杀皇÷?。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy.
Can’t you see (that) I’m a bird?
注意：(1)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe等時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句盡管要表示否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾篒 don’t think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來。
(2)兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語(yǔ)從句并列時(shí)，有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that，但第二個(gè)從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如：
He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.
2.由從屬連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示“是否(有，能，已經(jīng)……)”等一般疑問句的含義。
例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.
3.由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示“誰(shuí)，誰(shuí)的，什么，哪(個(gè)，些)，何時(shí)，何地，怎樣，為什么”等等特殊疑問句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.
Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.
三.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)：“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”
1.當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句可以用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)。
2.主句是過去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般只能用過去時(shí)的某種形式;當(dāng)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)或一般真理時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must一般不用于過去時(shí)，但卻可以用于主句是過去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。
四.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
1 賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞后加陳述語(yǔ)序(主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后)
如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow
2 當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面直接加謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
如：She asked me who had helped him
v 狀語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)中,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語(yǔ)。
狀語(yǔ)的功用：狀語(yǔ)說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)的功能狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
一.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的連接詞：when(當(dāng)…時(shí)候) while(當(dāng)…時(shí)候) as(當(dāng)…時(shí)候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自從…到現(xiàn)在) till /until(直到…才) by the time(到…為止)依舊是連接詞后加陳述語(yǔ)序。
1. when 當(dāng)…的時(shí)候(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn))
I will become a teacher when I grow up
2. while 當(dāng)…時(shí)
He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
3. as 在…的同時(shí);一邊…一邊…
He smiled as he stood up.
4. after 在…之后
He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
5. before 在…之前
Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.
6. as soon as 一…就…(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn))
We began to work as soon as we got there.
I will write to you as soon as I get home.
7. since 自…以來 到現(xiàn)在
表示自過去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語(yǔ)：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)
8 till /until 直到
都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
They walked till /until it was dark.
Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.
9. by the time 到…為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時(shí))
By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.
By the time I got to school, the class had already began.
用法辨析：1.when, while和as的區(qū)別
When 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。
例如： When she came in, I stopped eating. 她進(jìn)來時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。(延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞)
We were about to leave when he came in. 我們就要離開，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來了。
While 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或者相對(duì)應(yīng))。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球，而你喜歡打籃球。(對(duì)比)
As 表示“一邊……一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。
例如： We always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱。(as表示“一邊……一邊”)
As we was going out, it began to snow. 當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開始下雪了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間)
as when while都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下：
as
表示“一邊。。。一邊"的意思
when
1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作"之前 "或"之后"發(fā)生。
2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那個(gè)時(shí)候)
3.常用于常見搭配中
while
1、 用于時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)
2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí)
有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。
lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.
我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 ( 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.)
When I had read the article, he called me.
我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。( 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when )
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
(當(dāng))我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開演了。(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài))
He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.
他正要離開，忽然電話響了。( 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”.
while, as不能代替
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when, as都不能代替它)
While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.
外星人買紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.
媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾埯惤z病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。(此時(shí)as ,when, while可通用)
2. 由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式;如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如：
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作。
3. 由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表述為：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+一般過去時(shí)。但在It is +時(shí)間+since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了。
知識(shí)擴(kuò)展
1. It is …since 從….以來多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了
It is five years since we met last time.
2. It is …+before…(。。。才。。。)
It was a long time before I went to sleep again.
It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.
二.原因狀語(yǔ)從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子。
連接詞：由連詞because, since, as引導(dǎo), 也可由for, now that 等詞引導(dǎo)
1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然。。。
3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然。。。
4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.
.用法辨析：because , since , as , for辨析
1)because語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2)由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞：if如果, unless (=if not) 如果不、除非(讓步)
1. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
2. I will go to the party unless he goes there too.
3. You will be late unless you leave immediately.
=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.
條件狀語(yǔ)從句：主將從現(xiàn).
He will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.
四、目的、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)的句子。
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的句子
目的狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞so that, so…that , in order that 引導(dǎo)。
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引導(dǎo)。
1. so…that 如此…以至于
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.
2. so that 以至于, 以便于
I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)
I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)
3. such…that 如此…以至
It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
4. in order that=so that 為了
We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.
5.比較：so和 such
其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。
so nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers
so many peoplesuch a lot of people
( so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。)
難點(diǎn)
so+形容詞或副詞 so+形+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
so +many /few+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
so +much/ little+不可數(shù)名詞
so…that與such…that皆可引導(dǎo)目的地狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school
so +adj/adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結(jié)果
so為副詞,后接形容詞，副詞原型，可數(shù)名詞前有many, few;不可數(shù)名詞前有much, little修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.
such為形容詞, 后只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不可數(shù)的。如果這名詞是可數(shù)的,則必須在名詞前加不定冠詞a(an). 常見的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.
五、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語(yǔ)的句子
連接詞： though, although.，whether…or not
難點(diǎn)：though, although當(dāng)“雖然”講, 都不能和but連用. Although/though…but的格式是不對(duì)的.但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的.
Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.
Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂.
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.
盡管我們已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.
although, though 辨析
although不能作并列連詞，although不能作副詞，放在詞尾表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)要用even though.
1、Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling. 盡管
【典型例題】
1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless
2)ever if, even though. 即使
We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
3) whether…or not 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
no matter 從句
結(jié)構(gòu)："no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞+陳述語(yǔ)序" 或"特殊疑問詞+后綴ever+陳述語(yǔ)序"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替換：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。
(錯(cuò))No matter what you say is not useful now.
(對(duì))Whatever you say is not useful now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。
(Whatever you say是主語(yǔ)從句)
(錯(cuò))Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,
(對(duì))Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么
v 定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分
定語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語(yǔ)的句子，定語(yǔ)從句要放在所修飾的詞后
如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞：
1.連接代詞：who、which、whom、whose、that
2.連接副詞：when、where、why
選用連接詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞(定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞)
一、連接代詞的選用：
1.who 指人，先行詞為人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom 指人，先行詞為人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，?？墒÷?。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替，可省略。
3.which 指物，先行詞為物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ),譯成 "...的"
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句連接代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which，不能用that;連接代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
The man with whom you talked is my friend.
The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
3. “介詞+連接代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities
二、連接副詞的選用：
1. when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3. why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
三、判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)
例1. Is this the museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ))
四、介詞+連接詞用法說明
1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換
如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.
五.限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
china is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同
his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)
his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)
關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1.as和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。
(1) he married her, as/which was natural.
(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句;
which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。
另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
as is known to all, china is a developing country.
he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
john, as you know, is a famous writer.
he has been to paris more than several times, which i don't believe.
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which
tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as
i have never heard such a story as he tells.
he is not such a fool as he looks.
this is the same book as i lost last week.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同
she wore the same dress that she wore at mary's wedding.
她穿著她在mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。
she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。
以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴?/p>
the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
All that can be done has been done.
There is little that I can do for you.
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who
Any man that/who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí)
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting?
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)
Who is the man that is standing there?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法總結(jié)
一、日常學(xué)習(xí)法
1.制定長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)，明確每節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)
根據(jù)不同學(xué)習(xí)階段及自身能力確立一個(gè)“跳一跳才能夠得著”的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)。有了目標(biāo)就有了學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力，有了責(zé)任感、緊迫感及努力方向。另外還要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)不同課型確定每節(jié)課的認(rèn)知小目標(biāo)，這樣一開始上課，就會(huì)受到目標(biāo)的激勵(lì)，使大腦處于興奮狀態(tài)，才能定向注意，專心致志地去主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)，提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。
2.爭(zhēng)取課內(nèi)外各種機(jī)會(huì)多練習(xí)英語(yǔ)
語(yǔ)言不是教會(huì)的，而是在使用中學(xué)會(huì)的。交際能力只能在交際中得到最有效的培養(yǎng)。一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)具有強(qiáng)烈的語(yǔ)言交際的欲望，應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練的各種機(jī)會(huì)。應(yīng)不怕因犯語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤而被別人譏笑。
3.課前預(yù)習(xí)，有備而聽
預(yù)習(xí)是個(gè)人獨(dú)立的閱讀和思考。它可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者快速閱讀抓主旨大意、抓主要信息、依據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力，也可以培養(yǎng)分析綜合及歸納概括、自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及解決問題等能力。預(yù)習(xí)也像“火力偵察”，可發(fā)現(xiàn)疑難引起思考，一方面可促使學(xué)習(xí)者自己查閱有關(guān)資料，查閱字典，另一方面可減少聽課的盲目性，增強(qiáng)聽課效果。
4.專心上課，有心識(shí)記
上課是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主渠道，而學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵是盡一切努力將所學(xué)的東西記住，需要時(shí)能運(yùn)用自如。因此，上課時(shí)應(yīng)高度集中注意力.盡量做到五到，即心到、眼到、耳到、口到、手到。應(yīng)培養(yǎng)瞬間記憶能力，強(qiáng)化“有意注意”，爭(zhēng)取就在課內(nèi)有目標(biāo)、有意識(shí)地去識(shí)記該課的生詞、短語(yǔ)、句型、重點(diǎn)句子。當(dāng)接觸到該記憶的內(nèi)容時(shí)，應(yīng)通過眼看、耳聽、口念，將其迅速輸入到記憶中樞，然后再?gòu)?fù)現(xiàn)出它的形象。在復(fù)現(xiàn)時(shí)快速用手指在桌上劃出這個(gè)單詞，或一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句中最難記的或最重要的單飼，強(qiáng)迫自己在課內(nèi)就能記住這節(jié)課最重要的東西。這樣，使自己真正有著“這節(jié)課確實(shí)學(xué)到不少東西”的踏實(shí)感、成功感，進(jìn)而激發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，提高興越，更有信心地去繼續(xù)今后的學(xué)習(xí)。
5.勤記筆記，鞏固記憶
課內(nèi)扼要記筆記可以幫助集中注意力，理順?biāo)悸?，增進(jìn)記憶，鍛煉分析歸納、綜合概括以及快速反應(yīng)能力。俗話說“好記性不如爛筆頭”。筆記也為日后復(fù)習(xí)提供一個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)記憶綱要。要學(xué)好英語(yǔ)離不開泛讀。進(jìn)行課外閱讀時(shí)也應(yīng)扼要記些筆記，做些索引、摘錄等，這對(duì)加深理解、鞏固、積累知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)能力大有好處。
6.及時(shí)、經(jīng)常、科學(xué)地復(fù)習(xí)，減少遺忘
復(fù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)之母。要解決困擾學(xué)習(xí)者最大的知識(shí)遺忘問題，只有靠科學(xué)的復(fù)習(xí)。“艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線”揭示遺忘規(guī)律是先快后慢，先多后少。因而從時(shí)間安排上講，復(fù)習(xí)既要及時(shí)又要經(jīng)常。不僅在當(dāng)天，而且在第二天、一周后、一月后以及就在你需要用它之前或者在考試前都應(yīng)安排復(fù)習(xí)。從復(fù)習(xí)方法上講.可采用強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)(過渡/超額復(fù)習(xí))、分散復(fù)習(xí)、集中復(fù)習(xí)，把新舊知識(shí)有機(jī)聯(lián)系起來，按知識(shí)內(nèi)在規(guī)律進(jìn)行綜合歸類等復(fù)習(xí)方法，做到溫故而知新，而不是簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械復(fù)現(xiàn)，從而更牢固地掌握知識(shí)。
猜你喜歡：
3.初中英語(yǔ)備考知識(shí)點(diǎn):時(shí)間介詞