中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
掌握好英語(yǔ)的每個(gè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)是很重要的。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編收集整理的中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)以供大家學(xué)習(xí)。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例,各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為:
1) am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
例A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
例A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(少用)
例The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),其余不動(dòng)。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí),在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組,如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”,“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等,也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體,不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) 。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語(yǔ))。
例 My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 為了更好地安排句子。
例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了)
It is said that+從句及其他類似句型
一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+to do sth.”。有:
It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…眾所周知,It is thought that…大家認(rèn)為,It is suggested that…據(jù)建議。
例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。
例 This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。
試比較:The door won't lock. (指門本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked. (指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門, 指“門沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因)
2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ),如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?
3. 系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別
在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)后面接人(be +動(dòng)詞原型)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞)
在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)方。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的受動(dòng)方。
在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別主要在于,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接使用動(dòng)詞原形作為謂語(yǔ),然后再在該動(dòng)詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上施加時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法;而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則使用系詞+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作為謂語(yǔ),各種時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法也施加在系詞上。
舉例:
1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):The snowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):He was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。
2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):We use electricity to run machines. 我們用電力來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):Electricity is used to run machines. 電力被我們用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器。
3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):Bell invented the telephone in 1876.貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):The telephone was invented by Bell in1876.電話是貝爾于1876年發(fā)明的。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
大家都知道,用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(形式)來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,但有些句子用的卻是主動(dòng)形式,表達(dá)的卻是被動(dòng)意義。下面我們就來(lái)總結(jié)一下常見(jiàn)的用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的幾種形式。
1.連系動(dòng)詞(如:feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
This material feels very soft. 這塊材料摸上去很柔軟。
This apple tastes good. 這個(gè)蘋果嘗起來(lái)很好吃。
2. 有些表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在性質(zhì)或性能的不及物動(dòng)詞常與一些副詞連用,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,其主語(yǔ)一般為事物。這些動(dòng)詞有:sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如:
The pen writes smoothly 這支筆寫起來(lái)很流暢。
This kind of food sells well. 這種食物很暢銷。
3. 動(dòng)詞need, want, require表示"需要時(shí)",后接動(dòng)名詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房間需要打掃一下。
My house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。
4. 在"be worth doing"短語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
This book is well worth reading 這本書很值得一讀。
5. 在"主語(yǔ) +be + adj +to do"這個(gè)句型中,不定式動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
This question is hard to answer. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。
English is easy to learn. 英語(yǔ)很好學(xué)。
6. Won't或wouldn't表示"不愿"時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
The door won't open. 這門就是打不開(kāi)。
This box wouldn't move. 這個(gè)盒子就是移不動(dòng)。