初中英語(yǔ)五種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
初中英語(yǔ)五種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
初中英語(yǔ)有許多的語(yǔ)法，掌握了對(duì)寫作閱讀有大幫助小編在這里整理了五種供大家閱讀，快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
初中英語(yǔ)五種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一.名詞
I.名詞的種類：
專有名詞 | 普通名詞 | |||
國(guó)名.地名.人名， 團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 | 可數(shù)名詞 | 不可數(shù)名詞 | ||
個(gè)體名詞 | 集體名詞 | 抽象名詞 | 物質(zhì)名詞 | |
II. 名詞的數(shù)：
1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：
規(guī)則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 一般情況在詞尾加-s | map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 | 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es | class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 | 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 | 變-f和-fe為v再加-es | leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s | belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 | 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es | party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 | 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-s | toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 | 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外來(lái)詞加-s | piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
兩者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 | 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s | radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 | 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s | truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, | |
2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：
英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：
規(guī)則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 | 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 | 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 | 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) | people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 | 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員） | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 | 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 | customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) | |
7 | 表示“某國(guó)人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 | 合成名詞 | 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | women singers, men servants | ||
III. 名詞的所有格：
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s | the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
復(fù)數(shù)名詞 | 一般在末尾加’ | the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s | the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s | ||
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s | ||
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 | the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s | |
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ | 表示時(shí)間 | today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 | 表示自然現(xiàn)象 | the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 | 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 | the country’s plan, the world’s population, |
4 | 表示工作群體 | the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 | 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 | a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 | 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 | the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 | 某些固定詞組 | a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法：
用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an)，定冠詞(the)，和零冠詞。
I.不定冠詞的用法：
1 | 指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用于固定詞組中 | A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 | 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠詞的用法：
1 | 表示某一類人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. |
2 | 用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前 | the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 | 表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? |
4 | 用于樂(lè)器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar |
5 | 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 | the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” | the Greens, the Wangs |
7 | 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前 | He is the taller of the two children. |
8 | 用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 | the |
9 | 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 | The compass was invented in |
10 | 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 | in the 1990’s |
11 | 用于表示單位的名詞前 | I hired the car by the hour. |
12 | 用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 | He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠詞的用法：
1 | 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 | Beijing University, Jack, |
2 | 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 | 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 | March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 | 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 | Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 | 學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí) | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 | Horses are useful animals. |
三.代詞：
I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：
1 | 人稱代詞 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
賓格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代詞 | 形容詞性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名詞性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代詞 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代詞 | this, that, these, those, such, some | |
5 | 疑問(wèn)代詞 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 關(guān)系代詞 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代詞 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either | |||
II. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：
1. one, some與any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.
2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容詞和副詞
I.形容詞：
1. 形容詞的位置：
1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：
1 | 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí) | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí) | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：
代詞 | 數(shù)詞 | 性狀形容詞 | ||||||||
冠詞前的形容詞 | 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 | 序數(shù)詞 | 基數(shù)詞 | 性質(zhì) 狀態(tài) | 大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀 | 新舊 溫度 | 顏色 | 國(guó)籍 產(chǎn)地 | 材料 質(zhì)地 | 名詞 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | |
3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：
1 | 形容詞+名詞+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名詞+形容詞 | world-famous |
2 | 形容詞+形容詞 | dark-blue | 7 | 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名詞+過(guò)去分詞 | snow-covered |
4 | 副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | hard-working | 9 | 數(shù)詞+名詞+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副詞+過(guò)去分詞 | newly-built | 10 | 數(shù)詞+名詞 | twenty-year |
II. 副詞
副詞的分類：
1 | 時(shí)間副詞 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently | 5 | 頻度副詞 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 | 地點(diǎn)副詞 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above | 6 | 疑問(wèn)副詞 | how, where, when, why |
3 | 方式副詞 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really | 7 | 連接副詞 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 | 程度副詞 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather | 8 | 關(guān)系副詞 | when, where, why |
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：
形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I amnot so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a moreworrying day.
5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介詞
I.介詞分類：
1 | 簡(jiǎn)單介詞 | about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
2 | 合成介詞 | inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
3 | 短語(yǔ)介詞 | according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
4 | 雙重介詞 | from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
5 | 分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 | considering(就而論), including |
6 | 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞 | like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介詞區(qū)別：
1 | 表示時(shí)間的in, on, at | at表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān) |
2 | 表示時(shí)間的since, from | since 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始 |
3 | 表示時(shí)間的in, after | in指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中 |
4 | 表示地理位置的in, on, to | in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外 |
5 | 表示“在…上”的on, in | on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 |
6 | 表示“穿過(guò)”的through, across | through表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān) |
7 | 表示“關(guān)于”的about, on | about指涉及到，on指專門論述 |
8 | between與among的區(qū)別 | between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間 |
9 | besides與except的區(qū)別 | besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首 |
10 | 表示“用”的in, with | with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音 |
11 | as與like的區(qū)別 | as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似 |
12 | in與into區(qū)別 | in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置 |
分類詞匯記憶
疾病與傷痛
accident | 事故，意外的事 |
ache | 疼痛 |
blind | 失明 |
burn | 燒傷火、熱或酸所造成的傷害或傷痕 |
cancer | 癌癥 |
cold | 傷風(fēng)；感冒 |
cough | 咳嗽 |
cut | 剪；切；割 |
disease | 疾病 |
fever | 發(fā)燒；發(fā)熱 |
flu | 流感 |
headache | 頭痛 |
illness | 疾病；生病；不健康 |
problem | 問(wèn)題，難題 |
toothache | 牙疼 |
trouble | 問(wèn)題，疾?。粺?，麻煩 |
wound | 傷，傷害 |
感覺(jué)與情感
ache | 疼痛 |
attention | 注意，關(guān)心 |
care | 照料，保護(hù)，小心 |
cheer | 歡呼;喝彩 |
cheat | 騙取，哄騙，作弊 |
cry | 喊叫;哭 |
doubt | 懷疑；疑惑 |
emotion | 感情，情感 |
excuse | 原諒；寬恕 |
favorite | 最受喜愛(ài)的(東西） |
fear | 恐懼，害怕 |
feeling | 感覺(jué)，知覺(jué)，觸覺(jué) |
fun | 快樂(lè)；有趣的，令人愉快的 |
greeting | 祝賀 |
hate | 恨；討厭 |
hobby | 嗜好，興趣 |
interest | 興趣，愛(ài)好 |
joy | 歡樂(lè)，高興，樂(lè)趣 |
laugh | 笑；大笑；嘲笑 |
love | 愛(ài)；熱愛(ài)；很喜歡 |
pardon | 原諒，寬恕 |
peace | 和平；安寧；靜寂 |
pity | 憐憫；同情 |
pleasure | 愉快；快樂(lè)；高興 |
praise | 贊揚(yáng)，表?yè)P(yáng) |
pride | 自豪，驕傲 |
regard | 關(guān)心，注意，致意，問(wèn)候，尊敬 |
respect | 尊敬，尊重 |
regret | 可惜，遺憾；痛惜；哀悼 |
shame | 羞愧，慚愧 |
silence | 寂靜；沉默 |
sense | 感覺(jué)，判斷力 |
smell | 氣味；嗅覺(jué) |
smile | 微笑 |
surprise | 使吃驚；景氣；令人意想不到的事情 |
sweet | 甜蜜 |
taste | 嘗；品嘗；品味 |
thank | 感謝；謝意 |
touch | 碰，觸摸 |
wish | 愿望;祝愿 |
wonder | 驚訝，驚嘆；奇跡 |
worry | 煩惱；擔(dān)憂；發(fā)怒；困擾 |
victory | 勝利 |
初中英語(yǔ)五種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)相關(guān)文章：
1.初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法八大時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)