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      學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 初中學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 初三學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 九年級(jí)英語(yǔ) > 初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞與動(dòng)詞

      初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞與動(dòng)詞

      時(shí)間: 慧良1230 分享

      初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞與動(dòng)詞

        名詞是英語(yǔ)中詞匯最多的餓一種詞之一,所以學(xué)好名詞的知識(shí)是學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)。如何才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)呢?小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!

        初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題名詞

        名詞

        一、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:

        1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。

        專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。

        如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))

        專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)

        姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

        2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.

        普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

        ▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;

        ▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population, information .

        二、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):

        英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。

        1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:

       ?、僭趩螖?shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.

       ?、趕,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

        [注]:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.

        ③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

        ④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

        2、不規(guī)則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

        不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

        三、名詞所有格:

        1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法如下:

        (1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)

        (2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))

        (3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:

        today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),

        China’s population(中國(guó)的人口).

        (4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如:

        a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).

        2、[注解]:

       ?、?‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)

        ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)

       ?、?“of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

        四、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題

        1、謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

        2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),

        ① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

       ?、?如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)

        3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)

        4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)

        5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:

        The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)

        6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)

        7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) /Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)

        8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)

        9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))

        10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)

        11、either…or…或者neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

        12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)

        13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)

        但是,population一詞又有特殊情況:What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))

        五、部分名詞用法辨析:

        1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the leaguematch(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)

        2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai TelevisionFestival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

        3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) /Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)

        4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)

        5、fish的問(wèn)題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)

        接動(dòng)詞原形作賓補(bǔ)的11個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞

        feel sb. do sth. 感覺(jué)某人做了某事

        have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

        hear sb. do sth. 聽見(jiàn)某人做某事

        let sb. do sth.讓某人做某事

        listen to sb. do sth. 聽著某人做某事

        look at sb. do sth. 看著某人做了某事

        make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

        notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做了某事

        observe sb. do sth. 觀察某人做了某事

        see sb. do sth. 看見(jiàn)某人做了某事

        watch sb. do sth. 觀察某人做了某事

        接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)意思相同的12個(gè)動(dòng)詞

        like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜歡做某事

        love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜歡做某事

        hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恨做某事

        prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 寧可做某事

        begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 開始做某事

        continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事

        can’t bear to do sth / can’t bear doing sth. 不能忍受做某事

        bother to do sth / bother doing sth. 麻煩做某事

        intend to do sth / intend doing sth. 打算做某事

        attempt to do sth / attempt doing sth. 試圖做某事

        cease to do sth / cease doing sth. 停止做某事

        接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)意思不同的7個(gè)動(dòng)詞

        (1) remember to do sth. 記住要做某事

        remember doing sth. 記住曾做過(guò)某事

        (2) forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事

        forget doing sth. 忘記曾做過(guò)某事

        (3) regret to do sth. 后悔(遺憾)要做某事

        regret doing sth. 后悔(遺憾)曾做過(guò)某事

        (4) try to do sth. 努力去做某事

        try doing sth. 嘗試做某事

        (5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事

        mean doing sth. 意味著做某事

        (6) can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事

        can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事

        (7) go on to do sth. 做完某事后接著做另一事

        go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事

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