小學(xué)英語語法匯總(超精)
英語語法學(xué)習(xí)一直是英語當(dāng)中最重要的部分,那學(xué)好英語的基礎(chǔ)當(dāng)然是學(xué)習(xí)好英語語法了,下面是小編給大家?guī)淼男W(xué)英語語法匯總,希望能夠幫助到大家!
小學(xué)英語語法匯總(超精)
一、量詞
1. a, an的選擇: 元音字母開頭的單詞用an,輔音字母開頭的單詞用a.
2. am , is , are的選擇: 單數(shù)用is , 復(fù)數(shù)用are. I 用 am , you 用 are.
3. have , has 的選擇: 表示某人有某物.單數(shù)用has , 復(fù)數(shù)用have. I ,you 用 have .
4. there is, there are 的選擇:表示某地有某物,某人.單數(shù)用there is , 復(fù)數(shù)用there are.
5. some, any 的選擇:肯定句用some, 疑問句和否定句用any.
二、形容詞的比較級(jí)
比較級(jí)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常是:什么 + 動(dòng)詞be (am , is , are ) + 形容詞比較級(jí) + than(比)+ 什么 。
如:I'm taller and heavier than you. (我比你更高和更重.)
An elephant is bigger than a tiger. (一只大象比一只老虎更大.)
形容詞的比較級(jí)是在形容詞的基礎(chǔ)上變化而來的,它的變化規(guī)則是:
?、?一般的直接在詞尾加er ,如 tall - taller , strong - stronger ,
② 以e結(jié)尾的,直接加r ,如 fine – finer ,
?、?以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先改y為i再加er,如funny - funnier
?、?雙寫最后的字母再加er,如big – bigger, thin – thinner ,hot – hotter
比較的兩者應(yīng)該是互相對(duì)應(yīng)的可比較的東西.
典型錯(cuò)誤:My hair is longer than you.(我的頭發(fā)比你更長(zhǎng).)
比較的兩者是我的頭發(fā),你(整個(gè)人),那么比較的對(duì)象就沒有可比性.
應(yīng)該改為:My hair is longer than yours. 或My hair is longer than your hair.
三、人稱代詞主格、賓格、所有格、所有格代詞
人稱代詞分為主格和賓格,主格和賓格區(qū)別:主格和賓格漢語意思相同,但位置不同。例如:I(主格)"我"-- me (賓格)"我"主格在陳述句中通常放句首,賓格通常放在動(dòng)詞后或介詞后,也就是說賓格,不放在句首。
比如: I have a new car.( I 主格)
Excuse me (me 賓格)
I ask him to go (him 賓格)
They sit in front of me (me 賓格)
主格(8個(gè)):I 我you你 he他 she她 it它 we 我們you 你們they他(她、它)們
賓格(8個(gè)):me我 you你 him 他her她 it它 us我們 you你們 them他(她、它)們
所有格是指所屬,后面一般跟名詞,表示某物屬于誰,屬于形容詞詞性。比如:My name is jake. What’s your name?
所有格:my(我的)your(你的)his(他的) her(她的)its(它的)our(我們的)your(你們的)their(她們的、他們的、它們的)
所有格名詞,自身是名詞屬性,指代誰的什么東西,一般前文有指。比如:My name is jake. What’s yours?(yours 指“你的名字”)
名詞所有格:mine(我的sth.)yours(你的sth.)his(他的sth.)hers(她的sth.)its(它的sth.)ours(我們的sth.)yours(你們的sth.)theirs(他們的sth. 她們的sth. 它們的sth.)
四、名詞
名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式
1、名詞的單數(shù):表示一個(gè)人或一個(gè)事物
2、名詞的復(fù)數(shù):表示一個(gè)人以上的人或事物
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)律如下
1、多數(shù)情況下在名詞后面加S,s 在清輔音后讀【S】
2、以s,x,sh,ch為結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es, es讀作【iz】
3、以f,fe為結(jié)尾的詞去掉f或fe加ves,ves讀作【vz】
4、以輔音加y結(jié)尾的詞,變y 為ies
5、以元音加y結(jié)尾的詞,直接加s
6、不規(guī)則變化
a變成e
Man-men woman-women policeman-policemen
Policewoman-policewomen
單復(fù)數(shù)同形
Chinese-chinese Japanese-japanese
sheep -sheep deer -deer
不規(guī)則變化
This 這個(gè)these這些(復(fù)數(shù))
that那個(gè) those那些(復(fù)數(shù))
I我 we我們(復(fù)數(shù))
he他 she她 it它 they他、它、她們(復(fù)數(shù))
am ,is是 are(復(fù)數(shù))
名詞所有格
1、 變法:在人名后面加's
記?。?#39;s要譯成"的"如:Lucy(名詞所有格)Lucy's
2、 如果是2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上人的名詞所有格要在最后一個(gè)人名加's
如:Lily and Lucy (名詞所有格)Lily and Lucy'S
Lily Lucy and Julia (名詞所有格) Lily Lucy and Julia's
3、 以s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)所有格在后面加',eg:students'
五、動(dòng)詞
1、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
?、?一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
?、?以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
③ 雙寫最后一個(gè)字母的(此類動(dòng)詞極少)有:running, swimming , sitting , getting
句子結(jié)構(gòu):主語+系動(dòng)詞(am is are/was were)+doing+狀語,表示正在做某事,或過去正在做某事
如:I am going to school. You are sitting in my seat!
2、動(dòng)詞過去式
動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:
A,規(guī)則動(dòng)詞
?、?一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
?、?以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play,stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)
?、?雙寫最后一個(gè)字母(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 stopped
B,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類詞并無規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過去式:sing – sang , eat – ate , see – saw , have – had , do – did , go - went , take - took , buy - bought , get - got , read - read ,fly - flew , am/is - was , are - were , say - said , leave - left , swim - swam , tell - told , draw - drew , come - came , lose - lost , find - found , drink - drank , hurt - hurt , feel - felt
動(dòng)詞過去式表示動(dòng)作過去發(fā)生,一般用于過去式
六、句子
1.肯定句:是指用肯定的語氣來陳述的句子
如:I'm a student.
She is a doctor.
He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom.
2,否定句:含有否定詞或表示否定意義詞的句子,
如:I'm not a student.
He does not (doesn't) work in a hospital.
There are not (aren't) four fans in our classroom.
否定句主要是在肯定句的基礎(chǔ)上加上了否定詞 "not".有動(dòng)詞be的句子則"not"加在be后面,可縮寫成"isn't,aren't",但am not 一般都分開寫.沒有動(dòng)詞be的句子則要先在主要?jiǎng)釉~的前面加上一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did),然后在它后面加上"not",你也可以把它們縮寫在一起如"don't , doesn't , didn't ).這三個(gè)助動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)來選擇,其中"does"只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的情況,而"did"只用于一般過去時(shí),不論主語是什么人稱和數(shù),都用"did" .
系動(dòng)詞否定:am not/ isn’t, aren’t
動(dòng)詞否定:don’t+動(dòng)詞/doesn’t+動(dòng)詞/didn’t+動(dòng)詞
3,一般疑問句:是指詢問事實(shí)的句子,此類句子必須用"yes",或"no"來回答.
如:Are you a student ?Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.
Is she a doctor? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Does he work in a hospital ?Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
Did you watch TV yesterday evening? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
句子結(jié)構(gòu):系動(dòng)詞提前+主語+補(bǔ)語
助動(dòng)詞提前+主語+動(dòng)詞+狀語
助動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)來選擇,其中"does"只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的情況,而"did"只用于一般過去時(shí),不論主語是什么人稱和數(shù),都用"did" .一般疑問句有個(gè)重要的原則就是問和答要一致,即問句里的第一個(gè)單詞(助動(dòng)詞)和簡(jiǎn)略答句里的這個(gè)詞是一致的.
4,特殊疑問句:以特殊疑問詞(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)開頭引導(dǎo)的句子.此類句子應(yīng)該問什么就答什么,不能用"yes ,no"來回答.如:
What is this?
Where are you going?
Who played football with you yesterday afternoon?
When do you usually get up?
Why do you like spring best ?
How are you?
特殊疑問詞+系動(dòng)詞+主語
特殊疑問詞+助動(dòng)詞+主語+動(dòng)詞+狀語
Who+系動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞
特殊疑問詞:what (什么) who (誰) where (哪里) whose (誰的) why(為什么)when(什么時(shí)候)which(哪一個(gè))how old (多大)how many (多少)how much(多少錢) how tall(多高), how long(多長(zhǎng)), how big(多大), how heavy(多重)
例句:How many pencils do you have ?
How many girls can you see ?
how many 用來提問可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量,主要有以上三種搭配,
How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + do you have 你有多少……
How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + can you see 你能看見多少……
How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there… 有多少……
七、縮略
1、簡(jiǎn)縮形式的變法:把倒數(shù)第二個(gè)字母,通常是元音字母變成' 但are除外,are要把a(bǔ)打成' 。例如:he is=he's they are=they're
2、簡(jiǎn)縮形式和完全形式的漢語意思相同。
3、把完全形式變成簡(jiǎn)縮形式時(shí),一定要注意第一個(gè)字母的大小變化。例如:What is =What's
4、記住一個(gè)特殊變化;let's =let us 讓我們(不要把' 變成i)
5、記?。簍his is 沒有簡(jiǎn)縮形式this's(錯(cuò)誤)
6.常見的縮略形式:
I'm=I am he's=he is she's=she is they're=they are you're=you are there's=there is they're=they are
can't=can not don't=do not doesn't=does not
isn't=is not aren't=are not let's=let us
won't=will not I'll=I will wasn't=was not