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      學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 小考輔導(dǎo) > 小升初英語(yǔ)必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)大匯總

      小升初英語(yǔ)必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)大匯總

      時(shí)間: 慧良1230 分享

      小升初英語(yǔ)必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)大匯總

        小升初的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)繁多,背誦的單詞句子段落也極度的多,這都是小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中的難題。小編在這里整理了小升初英語(yǔ)必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)大匯總,希望能幫到您。

        第一部分:基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

        1.字母:26個(gè)字母的大小寫(xiě)

        ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

        abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

        2.語(yǔ)音:元音的發(fā)音

        五個(gè)元音字母:AEIOU

        12個(gè)單元音:

        前元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]

        中元音:[ɜ:] [ə]

        后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]

        雙元音(8個(gè))

        合口雙元音(5個(gè))[ai] [ei] [au] [əu] [ɔi]

        集中雙元音(3個(gè)) [iə][εə][uə]

        3.詞匯:詞匯量,近反義詞

        4.句子:大小寫(xiě),標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

        第二部分:語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

        一.名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格

        (一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)

        一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

        以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

        以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

        以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

        不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):

        man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

        child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

        不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

        (二)名詞的格

        有生命的東西的名詞所有格:

        a) 單數(shù)后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

        b) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

        c) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加 ’s children’s shoes

        并列名詞中,如果把 ’s加在最后一個(gè)名詞后,表示共有, 如:

        Tom and Mike’s car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車

        要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加’s

        Tom’s and Mike’s cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車

        (2)表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系:如:

        a picture of the classroom a map of China

        二.冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類:

        (1)不定冠詞:a / an a unit / an uncle

        元音開(kāi)頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :

        an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

        (2)定冠詞:the the egg the plane

        2. 用法:

        定冠詞的用法:

        特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.

        復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

        談話雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.

        在序數(shù)詞前: John’s birthday is February the second.

        用于固定詞組中: in the morning / afternoon / evening

        不用冠詞的情況:

        專有名詞前:China is a big country.

        名詞前有定語(yǔ):this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:

        This is my baseball.

        復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

        在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

        一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

        球類 棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

        * 但樂(lè)器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well.

        學(xué)科名稱前:My favorite subject is music.

        在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li.

        固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus

        三、代詞、形容詞、副詞

        代詞:人稱代詞,物主代詞

        人稱代詞物主代詞

        主格賓格

        第一

        人稱單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)

        復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)

        第二

        人稱單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)

        復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)

        第三

        人稱單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)

        she(她)herher(她的)

        it(它)itits(它的)

        復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)

        形容詞,副詞:比較級(jí),最高級(jí)

        (一)、形容詞的比較級(jí)

        1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用:兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí),比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來(lái)修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語(yǔ)中可用賓格)。

        2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則:

        一般在詞尾加er ;

        以字母e 結(jié)尾,加r ;

        以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母,再加er ;

        以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er 。

        3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí):

        good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

        (二)副詞的比較級(jí)

        1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))

       ?、旁诰渥又行稳菰~一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后

        ⑵副詞在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后

        2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better, far-farther)

        四、數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞

        (1)1-20

        one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

        (2)21-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”,再說(shuō)“幾”,中間加連字符。

        23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

        (3)101—999先說(shuō)“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);

        586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

        (4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion

        1,001→one thousand and one

        18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

        6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

        750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion

        序數(shù)詞

        (1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th

        eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

        (2)不規(guī)則變化

        one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth

        (3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th

        twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

        (4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。

        twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

        基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣:

        基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th.

        一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.

        八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。

        ty將y變成i,th前面有個(gè)e.

        若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來(lái)后用序。

        五、介詞:常用介詞:in, on, at, behind等

        1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。

        at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)

        2.on

        1)表示具體日期。

        注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法:

        at(on)the weekend?在周末---特指

        at(on)weekends?在周末---泛指

        over the weekend?在整個(gè)周末

        during the weekend?在周末期間

        (2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說(shuō)at Christmas?而不說(shuō)on Christmas?

        2)在(剛……)的時(shí)候。

        On reaching the city he called up his parents.

        一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。

        3.in

        1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))

        六、動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài):

        (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):

        一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

        1. be動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一個(gè)男孩。

        2. 行為動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。

        當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。

        動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則

        1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

        2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

        3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

        (2)一般過(guò)去時(shí):

        動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式詳解 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:

        A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

       ?、?一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

       ?、?以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

        ③ 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)

        ④ 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 stopped

        B、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類詞并無(wú)規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過(guò)去式:

        sing – sang , eat – ate ,

        see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,

        are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

        (3)一般將來(lái)時(shí):

        基本結(jié)構(gòu):

       ?、賐e going to + do;

       ?、趙ill+ do. be going to = will

        I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

        (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞

        動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則:

       ?、?一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

       ?、?以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing

       ?、?雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母的(此類動(dòng)詞極少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting

        第三部分:句法

        1.陳述句

        (1)肯定句:是指用肯定的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)陳述的句子,如:

        I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.

        There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.

        (2)、否定句:含有否定詞或表示否定意義詞的句子,如:

        I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.

        He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.

        He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.

        2. 疑問(wèn)句

        一般疑問(wèn)句:是指詢問(wèn)事實(shí)的句子,此類句子必須用“yes”,或“no”來(lái)回答。

        特殊疑問(wèn)句:以特殊疑問(wèn)詞(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)開(kāi)頭引導(dǎo)的句子。此類句子應(yīng)該問(wèn)什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”來(lái)回答。

        3.There be句型

        There be 句型與have, has的區(qū)別

        1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)

        2、在there be 句型中,主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),be 動(dòng)詞用is ; 主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),be 動(dòng)詞用are ; 如有幾件物品,be 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)最*近be 動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)名詞決定。

        3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動(dòng)詞后加not , 一般疑問(wèn)句把be 動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。

        4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。

        5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運(yùn)用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。

        6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運(yùn)用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。

        7、針對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:

        How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?

        How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?

        8、針對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:

        What’s + 介詞短語(yǔ)?

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