13個(gè)日常影響大家閱讀提速的單詞
好多小烤鴨反應(yīng)說(shuō)在做雅思閱讀時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)有某句話(huà)翻譯不通從而造成理解障礙從而降低閱讀速度等問(wèn)題。實(shí)際上閱讀中的很多詞匯用法并非是我們最熟悉或者想當(dāng)然的那個(gè)含義。比如“mine”這個(gè)單詞,在學(xué)術(shù)文章中經(jīng)常表示“礦物”而并非‘我的’。小編給大家整理了13個(gè)日常影響大家閱讀提速的單詞,幫助大家掌握某些常見(jiàn)單詞的其他“學(xué)術(shù)”含義。
13個(gè)日常影響大家閱讀提速的單詞
1. in turn
大多數(shù)同學(xué)會(huì)理解為 “反過(guò)來(lái)”,認(rèn)為前后語(yǔ)義是對(duì)立的,但實(shí)際上閱讀中也可能表示順接關(guān)系,翻譯為“接著會(huì)…(發(fā)生)…”
The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.
2. account for
大家背四級(jí)單詞時(shí)更多的理解為 “(比例上)占…”的含義,實(shí)際上account for還有“解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明……”這個(gè)意思。
Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.
Scientists will not be able to account for climate changeover the past century until they learn more about the urban heat island.
3. precipitation
這是個(gè)話(huà)題詞匯,大多數(shù)文章中翻譯為 “沉淀”,不過(guò)也有“降水”的意思。
Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
4. game
不是游戲哦,在學(xué)術(shù)文章中經(jīng)常用來(lái)表達(dá)“野生獵物”這個(gè)意思。下次課別再困惑了。
They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.
5. solution
除了“解決方案”,還要知道另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)含義“溶液”。這個(gè)詞在小作文流程圖寫(xiě)作中也是一個(gè)得分高級(jí)詞匯。
Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrientsolution.
6. current
又一個(gè)學(xué)科背景詞匯。常見(jiàn)的是形容詞表“當(dāng)下的”,實(shí)際還有“洋流、電流、氣流”等含義。
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.
7. browse
家熟知的是“瀏覽”的含義,而實(shí)際上托福閱讀中更常表達(dá)得是“覓食”這個(gè)意思。
Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding.
8. impact
除了“影響”,還衍生出“沖擊、撞擊”的意思。這里提醒大家impact指代的影響也常常是負(fù)面含義的影響,大家在寫(xiě)作中要注意。
In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing…
9. complex
作為名詞的時(shí)候可以表達(dá)“建筑群”的含義。
It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices…
10. readily
別因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)得像“ready”就是準(zhǔn)備好的意思,這個(gè)詞其實(shí)是“容易地”意思。
The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily asdoes the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside.
11. evident
又一個(gè)大家習(xí)慣想當(dāng)然的詞。都說(shuō)成“證據(jù)”就不對(duì)了,還要知道“明顯的”。
Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.
12. collectively
不能望文生義為“收集地”,還有“共同地”這個(gè)釋義較為常見(jiàn)。
Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.
13. evenly
別以為“even”加個(gè)“-ly”就是甚至的副詞形式,別忘了 “even”本來(lái)就是個(gè)副詞。這個(gè)詞是“均勻地”。
Petroleum forms best when organic matter is evenly distributed over ...
“三觀(guān)”雅思閱讀段落信息匹配
要問(wèn)在參加雅思閱讀考試時(shí)最怕遇見(jiàn)什么題型,多數(shù)考生會(huì)不假思索地回答:段落信息題!附加贈(zèng)送給你滿(mǎn)面愁容、難受想哭的表情包。
段落信息匹配題恐懼癥患者臨床表現(xiàn)可以為兩大類(lèi)型:其一,英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)不錯(cuò)的考生,在通曉要領(lǐng)之前,曾無(wú)法自控地盲目刷題,帶著迷之自信追求正確率,最后被打擊、被完虐、被迫無(wú)奈內(nèi)心存在感全無(wú),再也不敢越雷池半步。其二,自知能力較淺而考題水太深的考生,清楚地知曉自己需要的是被鼓勵(lì)、被表?yè)P(yáng)、被關(guān)注,所以終日與填空題、判斷題交手尋找成就感,逢遇見(jiàn)配對(duì)題就主動(dòng)地屏蔽掉。
每每遇到這樣的學(xué)生,在詳細(xì)地望聞問(wèn)切之后,我都會(huì)給他/她出具“診斷書(shū)”,并附上如下的“處方”:任何題型解題都有方法、有途徑,段落信息匹配題也不例外。相較于應(yīng)對(duì)配對(duì)題家族中較簡(jiǎn)單的人物觀(guān)點(diǎn)匹配題、句首句尾匹配題來(lái)說(shuō),處理起段落信息匹配題更需要耐心、細(xì)心,得切實(shí)做到三思而后行。
“一觀(guān)”題目要求、題型特點(diǎn)
初見(jiàn)段落信息配對(duì)題的同學(xué)會(huì)覺(jué)得納悶,既然是配對(duì),怎么題目里只有一組信息?其實(shí)只要你認(rèn)真讀指令語(yǔ):Which paragraph contains the following information? 你就會(huì)明白配對(duì)的另一方,就是文章的段落A, B, C, D, E, F, G等等。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái),這個(gè)題就是需要你做information locating。部分題目指令語(yǔ)還會(huì)標(biāo)明NB you may use any letter more than once,表示各小題答案之間會(huì)有相互重合的現(xiàn)象。
“二觀(guān)”命題動(dòng)機(jī)、出題人視角
既然號(hào)稱(chēng)是雅思閱讀題型中的“撕書(shū)題”,那么這種題型難在何處,我們也不能總當(dāng)loser,輸了也要輸?shù)妹靼?,反敗為勝時(shí)也要贏(yíng)得光彩,靠第六感蒙對(duì)的總不能作數(shù)。
難點(diǎn)聚焦
1)亂序
要給細(xì)節(jié)信息找出處,那題干中的信息排列一定不會(huì)像傳統(tǒng)題型那樣“有序”,所以無(wú)法在定位到某一小題后,依照題目間順序卡位。對(duì)于做題習(xí)慣了“讀一題解一題”的同學(xué),做這種題目時(shí)要耐心沉住氣,將題干中各小題信息都讀完,再做統(tǒng)籌。
2)耗時(shí)
多數(shù)段落信息匹配題的出處都在文章之后的第一個(gè)題型,從中也不難看出命題人的小心思。初見(jiàn)一篇文章,框架紋理都還沒(méi)弄明白,就要開(kāi)始搜索細(xì)節(jié)信息,多數(shù)同學(xué)都會(huì)感覺(jué)很盲目。對(duì)于水平好一些的同學(xué),若泛讀速度快,可能還會(huì)給后續(xù)題型留點(diǎn)時(shí)間;讀得慢的同學(xué),幾乎一篇文章20分鐘就全耗在這個(gè)題上了。
如此,倒不如先解后續(xù)題型,把能賺到的分?jǐn)?shù)先保住,不至于血本無(wú)歸。這樣做還有一個(gè)好處是,解其余題型時(shí)留下的印象能幫助迅速定位,提高解題速度。比如,在解后續(xù)的summary題時(shí),將B、C兩段做了精讀,繼而在處理段落信息題時(shí),就可以根據(jù)回憶,優(yōu)先確定B、C段有沒(méi)有相關(guān)信息,該選還是該排除,不必浪費(fèi)很多時(shí)間在這兩個(gè)自然段上。
3)NB
‘You may use any letter more than once’, 這樣的題目指令,出題之刁鉆,手段之狠毒,我們不得不給出題人點(diǎn)個(gè)贊,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)陔y倒我們這條路上順風(fēng)順?biāo)瑢覒?zhàn)屢勝,無(wú)所不用其極。逐個(gè)段落掃讀,找到一個(gè)信息的時(shí)候,還不能果敢地將這段話(huà)劃叉排除,因?yàn)橛锌赡苓@個(gè)自然段里還包含別的信息點(diǎn)。這樣的設(shè)置常常讓我們將段落從頭至尾瀏覽,就好比面前滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)腁BCDE五缸魚(yú),找到小紅魚(yú)在B缸里,還不能直接晉級(jí)C缸,說(shuō)不定小藍(lán)魚(yú)還在B缸里,你還得仔細(xì)地繼續(xù)排查。
當(dāng)然,如果你瀏覽完2個(gè)自然段,發(fā)現(xiàn)里面都各自包含2個(gè)信息點(diǎn),這樣的情況也很少遇到,一般就只有一段話(huà)會(huì)被重復(fù)選到。畢竟看完2段話(huà)就能完成4個(gè)小題,出題人心里是不太開(kāi)心的。
“三觀(guān)”題干玄機(jī),選文框架
題干玄機(jī)
常常會(huì)跟學(xué)生說(shuō),知道你要找的信息是什么,怎么找,是解答段落信息匹配題的敲門(mén)磚。舉劍橋真題7冊(cè)中Test 2 Passage 2的15題為例。
信息內(nèi)容為:
the stages in the development of the farming industry
習(xí)慣于找細(xì)節(jié)定位詞的學(xué)生一定會(huì)說(shuō):找farming industry、找development。但其實(shí)這個(gè)題的核心點(diǎn)在于stages這個(gè)詞,其后的兩組介賓結(jié)構(gòu)都是stages的后置定語(yǔ),起到輔助定位的作用,重要性次之。所以,定語(yǔ)部分的信息可以用作輔助定位,但不要喧賓奪主,否則容易出現(xiàn)定位失誤。然而stages這個(gè)詞本身為抽象名詞,呈現(xiàn)在原文中的形式應(yīng)該為具體化后的細(xì)節(jié)。所以定位內(nèi)容并非stages原詞,而是能夠反映出各個(gè)不同階段的更為細(xì)節(jié)的信息。大有可能是我們平日里寫(xiě)作文時(shí)使用的諸如at the beginning, afterwards, then, finally等等的細(xì)節(jié)詞。
能將自己勸住不迷戀題干原詞,并且能發(fā)揮主觀(guān)能動(dòng)性去仔細(xì)剖析,能切實(shí)將抽象名詞具體化回歸原文定位的做法,才是正確無(wú)誤的解題步驟。
選文框架
對(duì)文章布局,段落主旨的把握,很大程度上可以幫助我們更有針對(duì)性的定位信息。比如在一篇寫(xiě)uniform的文章中,要找the original purposes of uniforms,我們大多會(huì)猜想這個(gè)信息會(huì)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章靠前的段落當(dāng)中,當(dāng)然前提是這篇文章沒(méi)有采用倒敘的手法。
此外,我們可以先對(duì)段落首句和尾句進(jìn)行瀏覽,了解段落大致意思,初步判定與題干信息是否有可能有相關(guān)性,如果覺(jué)得有可能,再繼續(xù)往下搜索。舉劍橋真題11冊(cè)中的Test 3 Passage 3的31題為例。
信息內(nèi)容為:
mention of different focuses of books about mathematics
在文章的大背景下,所以我們要找的核心是different focuses,即眾多數(shù)學(xué)書(shū)籍中不同的聚焦點(diǎn)。在瀏覽文章時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)B段第一句話(huà)One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven't had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking. 講到作者創(chuàng)作這本書(shū)的意圖。之后講到In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public. 開(kāi)始對(duì)比該書(shū)與別的書(shū)目之間的區(qū)別。這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們大致可以確定,后邊會(huì)涉及其他書(shū)目的特點(diǎn)、創(chuàng)作意圖,也就是繼續(xù)順藤摸瓜讀下去,就會(huì)有我們要找的different focuses of books的具體體現(xiàn)。
綜上所述,在處理段落信息匹配題時(shí),一定要“三觀(guān)”健全:充分了解這個(gè)題型的題目要求和命題動(dòng)機(jī),在此前提之下,知道自己要找的信息是什么,大致在文章哪個(gè)部分要去哪兒找,做出匹配時(shí),不盲目貪戀原詞重現(xiàn),不混亂矛盾。