大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作修辭
英語(yǔ)寫作中對(duì)于修辭手法的巧妙運(yùn)用,可不是大學(xué)生的專利,任何一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人都可以做到。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作修辭,供大家參閱!
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作中修辭手法的運(yùn)用
修辭手段一般主要用于文學(xué)性寫作中。但在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)的英文寫作中有時(shí)也需要運(yùn)用一定的具有英文特征的修辭手段,而且運(yùn)用得好,會(huì)使語(yǔ)句生動(dòng)從而增添語(yǔ)句亮點(diǎn)。因此,掌握一些一般常用修辭手段對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)句亮點(diǎn)也是非常必要的。
對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作來(lái)說(shuō),主要應(yīng)該掌握以下修辭手段,又稱語(yǔ)句辭格,包括結(jié)構(gòu)辭格與語(yǔ)義辭格。對(duì)比、排比、重復(fù)、倒裝等為結(jié)構(gòu)辭格,轉(zhuǎn)義、雙關(guān)、矛盾等則為語(yǔ)義辭格。
1.對(duì)比正反對(duì)比就是要巧妙地運(yùn)用對(duì)稱的英文句式來(lái)表達(dá)互為補(bǔ)充的意思,因此恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用反義詞語(yǔ)往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容具有這種情況,就應(yīng)盡力選用這種對(duì)稱的句式并選用適當(dāng)?shù)姆戳x詞語(yǔ)來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句,實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)句的亮點(diǎn)。
1)如“很多人很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),他們?cè)谖镔|(zhì)上是富裕了,精神上卻很貧乏”,可以這樣達(dá):
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit.(注:句中rich in與ragged in,goods與spirit具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。)
2)如“利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊”,可以這樣表達(dá):
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注:句中the advantages與the disadvantages具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。)
3)如“他們注意到了這些說(shuō)法中的一些道理,但他們卻忽視了一個(gè)重要的事實(shí)”,可以這樣表達(dá):
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements,but have ignored a more important fact.(注:句中have noticed與have ignored,a grain of truth in
the statements與a more important fact具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。)
4)如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”,可以這樣表達(dá):
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(注:句中negative與positive具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果)
5)如“我們既有與我們很為相似的朋友,又有與我們很為不同的朋友”,可以這樣表達(dá):
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注:句中similar to與different from具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果)
2.排比英文中有時(shí)也使用排比句式,這種句式整齊而有氣勢(shì),又不會(huì)使人感到單調(diào)。例如,如“讀書使我們聰明,鍛煉使我們強(qiáng)健”,可以這樣表達(dá):
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3.重復(fù)英文一般講求簡(jiǎn)潔,因此為表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)偶爾使用重復(fù)可以使語(yǔ)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容得到突出。英文的重復(fù)又根據(jù)被重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)句中的位置分為句首重復(fù)、句尾重復(fù)、首尾重復(fù)、尾首重復(fù)等。
1)如“現(xiàn)在是忘掉過(guò)去一切的時(shí)候了?,F(xiàn)在是言歸正傳的時(shí)候了?,F(xiàn)在是為未來(lái)而奮斗的時(shí)候了”,可以這樣表達(dá):
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注:此句為句首重復(fù),重復(fù)部分為句首的now it the time to)
2)如“我們渴望成功,而且正在為成功而努力工作”,可以這樣表達(dá):
We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注:此句為句尾重復(fù),重復(fù)的部分為句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我們能夠成功,我相信我們也一定會(huì)成功”,可以這樣表達(dá):
I am convinced that we can succeed,and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注:and所連接的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)句的句首與句尾部分同時(shí)重復(fù),重復(fù)的部分為句首的I am convinced that與句尾的succeed)
4)如“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)新的時(shí)代,而一個(gè)改革充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇”,可以這樣表達(dá):
We are now living in a new era,and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.(注:and之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復(fù),重復(fù)部分為a new era.)
4.倒裝這里說(shuō)的倒裝不同于前述非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝。非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所限定的,沒(méi)有自由選擇的余地,只要運(yùn)用需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的句型就要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這里所說(shuō)的倒裝是指修辭性語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝,是進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的一種手段,它利用了語(yǔ)句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如,如“充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇的改革的新時(shí)代正向我們走來(lái)”,可以這樣表達(dá):
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5.轉(zhuǎn)義轉(zhuǎn)義是一種對(duì)詞語(yǔ)靈活運(yùn)用的修辭手段,主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語(yǔ)、婉轉(zhuǎn)等,比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。
1)如要表達(dá)“過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”,英文可為:
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.(注:此句采用明喻,明喻的特點(diǎn)是使用了like一詞)
2)如要表達(dá)“我們的英語(yǔ)老師就是我們最好的英語(yǔ)辭典”,英文可為:
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.(注:此句采用暗喻,暗喻的特點(diǎn)是利用事物之間的相似之處進(jìn)行比喻,與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞)
3)如要表達(dá)“我正在讀莎土比亞的書呢”,英文可為:
I am reading Shakespeare.(注:此句采用換喻,換喻的特點(diǎn)是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱,使用通過(guò)聯(lián)想理解其含義,但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來(lái)表達(dá)的)
4)如要表達(dá)“這里需要一個(gè)幫手”,英文可為:
A hand is needed here.(注:此句采用提喻,提喻的特點(diǎn)是用一個(gè)事物的部分來(lái)代表事物的整體或用一個(gè)事物的整體來(lái)代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個(gè)人)
5)如要表達(dá)“巨大的不幸籠罩著整個(gè)城市”,英文可為:
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.(注:此句采用擬人。擬人的特點(diǎn)是將事物人格化)
6)如要表達(dá)“這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢”,英文可為:
This is really a great stupid idea.(注:此句采用反語(yǔ)。反語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)是故意將話反說(shuō),具有諷刺意味)
7)如要表達(dá)“我太渴望成功了。聽(tīng)到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”,英文可為:
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.(注:此句采用夸張??鋸埖奶攸c(diǎn)是為表現(xiàn)事物的特征故意夸大其詞)
英語(yǔ)寫作常用修辭手法
英語(yǔ)中的修辭與漢語(yǔ)的修辭相比,分類細(xì),種類多.下面將英語(yǔ)的修辭簡(jiǎn)單介紹如下:
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.
標(biāo)志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡(jiǎn)縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過(guò)比較形成. 例如:
1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻
借喻不直接說(shuō)出所要說(shuō)的事物,而使用另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的事物名稱. I.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils. 水開了.
2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我說(shuō).
英語(yǔ)寫作必備修辭手法
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的廠里約有100名工人.
2>.He is the Newton of this century.
他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia 通感,聯(lián)覺(jué),移覺(jué)
這種修辭法是以視.聽(tīng).觸.嗅.味等感覺(jué)直接描寫事物.
例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
2>.Taste the music of Mozart.
品嘗Mozart的音樂(lè).
6.Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無(wú)生命的事物.
例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
7.Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過(guò)其實(shí)的說(shuō)法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的.它可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),增加表達(dá)效果.. 例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.
2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.Parallelism 排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似,意思相關(guān),語(yǔ)氣一致的短語(yǔ).句子排列成串,形成一個(gè)整體.
例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy. 2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達(dá)粗惡,避諱的話.
例如:
1>.He is out visiting the necessary.
他出去方便一下.
2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.
他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽.
3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
10.Allegory 諷喻,比方
這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個(gè)方式的說(shuō)法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.
例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.
2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.
11.Irony 反語(yǔ)
反語(yǔ)指用相反意義的詞來(lái)表達(dá)意思的作文方式.如在指責(zé)過(guò)失.錯(cuò)誤時(shí),用贊同過(guò)失的說(shuō)法,而在表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí),則近乎責(zé)難的說(shuō)法.
例如:
1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12.Pun 雙關(guān)
雙關(guān)就是用一個(gè)詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發(fā)揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側(cè)擊,從而達(dá)到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn).
例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13.Parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語(yǔ),改動(dòng)其中部分詞語(yǔ),從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭. 例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetorical question 修辭疑問(wèn)
它與疑問(wèn)句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的,而是以疑問(wèn)為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點(diǎn)是:肯定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈否定,而否定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 對(duì)照,對(duì)比,對(duì)偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語(yǔ)句排在一起對(duì)比的一種修辭方法. 例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.
16.Paradox 雋語(yǔ)
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長(zhǎng)的說(shuō)法,是一種矛盾修辭法.. 例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.
2>.The child is the father to the man.
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個(gè)事物,以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義.
例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
18.Climax 漸進(jìn)法,層進(jìn)法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語(yǔ)按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進(jìn),最后達(dá)到頂點(diǎn).可以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),逐漸加深讀者印象.
例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語(yǔ)由大到小,由強(qiáng)到弱地排列. 例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
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