高中生幾點(diǎn)上學(xué)好？
高中生幾點(diǎn)上學(xué)好？
提高英語(yǔ)的水平往往可以看一些英語(yǔ)的新聞和閱讀，還有英語(yǔ)的電視劇和電影，這樣可以很快的提高我們的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)，接下來(lái)小編給大家?guī)?lái)英語(yǔ)新聞，需要的同學(xué)們可以看一看。
英語(yǔ)課外閱讀1
In the UK, the clocks go back by one hour on Sundayto mark the end of British Summer Time. Expertshave been weighing up a more permanent timeshift in our daily schedules, particularly for tiredteenagers who struggle with early school starts.
每年入冬時(shí)，英國(guó)把時(shí)鐘往后撥1個(gè)小時(shí)，這標(biāo)志著夏令時(shí)結(jié)束。專家們?cè)诳紤]對(duì)我們的日常作息時(shí)間作出更為永久性的調(diào)整，特別是針對(duì)那些艱難應(yīng)對(duì)大清早上學(xué)的沒(méi)睡醒的青少年。
The rethink on teen slumber is largely due to theemerging science on circadian rhythms. Thegenetics associated with body clocks earned thisyear's Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine. The timing of release of the sleep hormonemelatonin is thought to change with age: during adolescence, secretion begins late at night andcontinues until about 8am. The sleep rhythm of a teenager can lag an adult by two to threehours.
重新思考青少年的睡眠問(wèn)題，在很大程度上是因?yàn)樾屡d的晝夜節(jié)律科學(xué)。與生物鐘有關(guān)的基因研究贏得了今年的諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)(Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine)。人體釋放睡眠荷爾蒙--褪黑激素的時(shí)間據(jù)信會(huì)隨著年齡改變：在青春期，褪黑激素在深夜開(kāi)始釋放并持續(xù)到早上8點(diǎn)左右。青少年的睡眠節(jié)律可能比成年人晚兩到三個(gè)小時(shí)。
A report by the Rand Corporation argues that, for adolescents, delaying the start of school to 8.30am or later could bring a 0bn benefit to the US economy over 15 years. Some USschool days start as early as 7am.
蘭德公司(Rand Corporation)的一份報(bào)告認(rèn)為，把青少年的上學(xué)時(shí)間推遲到8點(diǎn)30分或更晚，有望在未來(lái)15年給美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)1400億美元的效益。美國(guó)一些學(xué)校早上7點(diǎn)就開(kāi)始上課了。
The gains, which amount to a dividend of .3bn a year, arise mainly from two predicted pay-offs: improved academic performance, which increases the likelihood of graduation andfuture work; and a reduction in car crashes, which means more students make it into thefuture labour supply.
這項(xiàng)收益--相當(dāng)于每年93億美元--主要來(lái)自兩個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)回報(bào)：一是學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)提高，從而增加畢業(yè)和未來(lái)就業(yè)的可能性;二是車禍?zhǔn)鹿蕼p少，這意味著會(huì)有更多學(xué)生安好地加入未來(lái)的勞動(dòng)力隊(duì)伍。
Marco Hafner, a Rand economist, says the gains could be even higher because the calculationof benefits were on the conservative side. The input to the macroeconomic simulation did notfactor in other phenomena, such as the risks of suicide and obesity that are believed to beexacerbated by sleep deprivation.
蘭德的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家馬爾科?哈夫納(Marco Hafner)表示，因?yàn)橛?jì)算效益時(shí)偏向保守，所以實(shí)際效益可能更高。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)模擬的輸入沒(méi)有考慮其他現(xiàn)象，比如自殺和肥胖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)--據(jù)信睡眠不足會(huì)加劇這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Rand, which used data from 47 US states, concluded that teenage sleep deprivation should beregarded as an economic problem with a possible solution. The financial rewards, it says, wouldquickly outweigh any associated costs of fixing it, such as rescheduling bus routes or extendingafter-school clubs.
蘭德利用美國(guó)47個(gè)州的數(shù)據(jù)得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為，青少年睡眠不足應(yīng)該被視為一個(gè)可能解決的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。該公司表示，經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)將很快超過(guò)解決該問(wèn)題的相關(guān)成本，比如重新安排公交車時(shí)間表，或延長(zhǎng)課外興趣小組的時(shí)間。
There have been concerns about "insufficient sleep" among adolescents - therecommendation is between eight and 10 hours per night - for some time in the US.
在美國(guó)，各方擔(dān)憂青少年"睡眠不足"--建議每晚睡眠8-10個(gè)小時(shí)--已經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間了。
In 2014, the American Academy of Paediatrics published a policy statement recognising "insufficient sleep in adolescents as an important public health issue that significantly affectsthe health and safety, as well as the academic success, of our nation's middle and high schoolstudents".
2014年，美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)(American Academy of Pediatrics)發(fā)表政策聲明，承認(rèn)"青少年睡眠不足是一個(gè)重要的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題，對(duì)我國(guó)初中和高中學(xué)生的健康和安全、以及學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)有顯著影響"。
Trials of delayed school start times have shown benefits such as increased sleep (children seemto go to bed at the same time but wake later), increased alertness, higher attendance andbetter mood. This led the academy to give its unequivocal backing for change.
推遲上學(xué)時(shí)間的試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)展現(xiàn)了一些好處，比如睡眠時(shí)間增加(孩子們似乎會(huì)在同樣的時(shí)間睡覺(jué)，但起床時(shí)間更晚)、思維更加敏捷、出勤率提高以及情緒更好。這使得美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)明確支持這項(xiàng)改革。
Last month, however, a bill designed to enact such a change faltered in California. The bill, which has the backing of the Start School Later movement, a lobby group of parents, healthprofessionals and policymakers, is likely to resurface in January. Many schools in other stateshave already acted.
然而，旨在落實(shí)這一改革的法案最近在加利福尼亞州不了了之。該法案得到了由家長(zhǎng)、健康專家和政策制定者組成的游說(shuō)組織"晚點(diǎn)上學(xué)"(Start School Later)運(yùn)動(dòng)的支持，有可能2018年1月重新出爐。其他州的很多學(xué)校已經(jīng)采取行動(dòng)。
All the evidence points to teen sleeping patterns being a consequence of biology, notattitude, according to Kyla Wahlstrom, an educational policy specialist at the University ofMinnesota, who has studied this issue since 1996.
明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)(University of Minnesota)的教育政策專家、從1996年開(kāi)始研究該問(wèn)題的凱拉?瓦爾斯特龍(Kyla Wahlstrom)表示，所有證據(jù)都表明青少年睡眠規(guī)律是生理學(xué)(而非態(tài)度)造成的。
Delayed start times, Dr Wahlstrom says, have immediate and noticeable impacts, such as areduced rate of teenage car crashes. One county in Kentucky saw the number of teenagecrashes fall by 16 per cent in the two years after school starts were delayed by an hour, areduction attributed to the drivers being more alert. The crash rate rose by 8 per cent acrossthe state as a whole.
瓦爾斯特龍博士表示，推遲上學(xué)時(shí)間可以帶來(lái)立即而明顯的影響，比如青少年車禍率降低。在把上學(xué)時(shí)間推遲一個(gè)小時(shí)后，肯塔基州某縣兩年期間的青少年車禍數(shù)量減少了16%，這被歸因于司機(jī)的精神更集中。同期肯塔基州全州的車禍增加了8%。
As well as the AAP, the American Medical Association and the Centers for Disease Control in theUS, support such a change. About 250 US schools are thought to have redesigned theirschedules to accommodate the recommendations.
與美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)一樣，美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)(American Medical Association)和美國(guó)疾病控制預(yù)防中心(Centers forDisease Control)也支持這一改革。據(jù)信全美已有大約250所學(xué)校為落實(shí)相關(guān)建議而重新設(shè)計(jì)了課程表。
A similar debate has been stirring in the UK. In 2015, Paul Kelley, a professor at the Sleep andCircadian Neuroscience Institute at Oxford university, suggested that 16-year-olds should startno earlier than 10am. For 18-year-olds, an 11am start is preferable. Early starts, he says, mean pupils are usually performing suboptimally.
類似辯論也在英國(guó)升溫。2015年，牛津大學(xué)(University of Oxford)睡眠和晝夜節(jié)律神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所(Sleepand Circadian Neuroscience Institute)教授保羅?凱利(Paul Kelley)建議，16歲學(xué)生的上學(xué)時(shí)間不應(yīng)早于上午10點(diǎn)。對(duì)于18歲的學(xué)生，11點(diǎn)上學(xué)更好。他表示，過(guò)早上學(xué)通常意味著學(xué)生表現(xiàn)欠佳。
Not everyone concurs: scientists at the universities of Surrey and Harvard dispute that delayedstarts will lead to teenagers getting more sleep. One unintended consequence, for example, might be students being exposed to artificial light for longer because of later bedtimes.
并非所有人都同意該結(jié)論：薩里大學(xué)(Surrey University)和哈佛大學(xué)(Harvard University)的科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑推遲上學(xué)時(shí)間將導(dǎo)致青少年睡眠時(shí)間增加的結(jié)論。例如，一個(gè)意外后果可能是因?yàn)樯洗菜X(jué)時(shí)間推遲，學(xué)生們暴露在人造燈光下的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。
Based on mathematical modelling, this contrary study suggested that turning down the lightsin the evening would allow teenagers to get more sleep without the need for a change to theschool day. The time that students spend on their mobile phones and other devices also cropsup regularly as a complicating factor in teenage sleep studies.
這項(xiàng)相反的研究基于數(shù)學(xué)建模，它似乎表明，晚上早些關(guān)燈就可以讓青少年的睡眠時(shí)間增加，而無(wú)需改變上學(xué)時(shí)間。在青少年睡眠研究中，學(xué)生們花在手機(jī)及其他設(shè)備上的時(shí)間也經(jīng)常會(huì)冒出來(lái)，成為一個(gè)使問(wèn)題復(fù)雜化的因素。
Nevertheless, one London head of an independent school has chosen to push back the start ofthe day for sixth-formers to 9.30am. Explaining his decision in an article for the TimesEducational Supplement, Jonathan Taylor pointed out that the 9-to-5 mode of working wasdisappearing anyhow. He criticised educators who clung to an early start out of "a misguidednotion of traditional self-discipline?.?.?.?is it really more worthy to learn maths at 8.30amthan 5pm?"
盡管如此，倫敦一家私立學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)選擇把高中生的上學(xué)時(shí)間推遲到早上9點(diǎn)30分。喬納森?泰勒(JonathanTaylor)在為《泰晤士報(bào)教育增刊》(Times Educational Supplement)撰寫的文章中解釋了自己的決定，他指出，朝九晚五的工作模式反正將要終結(jié)。他指責(zé)那些堅(jiān)持早上學(xué)的教育家是出于"自律這種具有誤導(dǎo)性的傳統(tǒng)理念……難道早上8點(diǎn)30分學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)，就一定比下午5點(diǎn)學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)更有價(jià)值嗎?"
Attendance and punctuality, Mr Taylor enthused, had improved - and the teenagers made forjollier company. Heaven knows, we could all do with happier teens.
泰勒興奮地表示，推遲上學(xué)時(shí)間后，學(xué)生的出勤率提高，遲到率下降，而且青少年們更容易相處了。天知道，我們都需要更快樂(lè)的青少年。
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