關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章

　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速普及和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,電子商務(wù)正越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來(lái)的關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章，歡迎閱讀!

　　關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章1

　　靠電子商務(wù)拯救世界 Internet is a bane for developing economies

　　Last week, Jack Ma called for a new “e-WTO” with the aim of helping small businesses get on theInternet, as the best hope in the fight against poverty. This appeal came after Alibaba’slargest ever “Singles Day” a week earlier, with almost US.3bn of merchandise sold in 24hours. Alibaba’s social media accounts even reported that Premier Li Keqiang called CEO JackMa to wish him a successful day. “Singles Day” is now the world’s largest shopping day,dwarfingeven the United States’ “Black Friday.”

　　不久前，馬云(Jack Ma)呼吁建立一個(gè)新的、旨在幫助小企業(yè)利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“電子世貿(mào)組織”(e-WTO)，并將此作為消除貧困的最大希望所在。馬云發(fā)出此番呼吁一周之前，阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在“光棍節(jié)”(Singles Day)當(dāng)天24小時(shí)內(nèi)銷(xiāo)售了創(chuàng)歷史新高的近143億美元的商品。阿里巴巴的社交媒體賬戶(hù)甚至宣稱(chēng)，中國(guó)也致電馬云，預(yù)祝“雙十一”取得成功。“光棍節(jié)”如今已成為世界規(guī)模最大的購(gòu)物狂歡節(jié)，甚至連美國(guó)的“黑色星期五”(Black Friday)都相形見(jiàn)絀。

　　These are the latest manifestations of a worrying obsession with e-commerce and theInternet in Asia’s largest economies. In March, Beijing announced its new “Internet Plus” planto expand Internet connectivity. Premier Li, when describing it, brought up the “mobileInternet”, “cloud computing”, “big data”, “intelligent manufacturing” and the “Internet ofThings,” in a manner similar to business leaders in America. Nor is this digital obsessionrestricted to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s meeting with Mark Zuckerberg atFacebook’s headquarters received as much, if not more, media attention as his address onsustainable development to the United Nations days earlier.From the almost breathless mannerin which business leaders use words like “innovation”, “the sharing economy” and “makerspaces”, it can sometimes be hard to distinguish real analysis from wild speculation whentalking about the Internet and e-commerce. The assertion is that digital expansion wouldallow countries to skip entire stages of development, such as investing in real infrastructure,preventing life-threatening pollution, managing resources carefully, and installing valuesystems in an increasingly ethically-challenged world. What the focus on e-commerce actuallyrepresents is the continued inability of the developing world to free itself from Western ideasabout models for economic growth and definitions of modernity.

　　這是亞洲大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)地醉心于電子商務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的最新表現(xiàn)。今年3月，中國(guó)政府宣布了新的“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”(Internet Plus)計(jì)劃，目的是擴(kuò)大網(wǎng)絡(luò)連通性。在描繪這一計(jì)劃時(shí)，以近似于美國(guó)商界領(lǐng)袖的方式提及了“移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”、“云計(jì)算”、“大數(shù)據(jù)”、“智能制造”以及“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”等概念。這種對(duì)數(shù)字化的癡迷并不僅限于中國(guó)。印度納倫德拉莫迪(Narendra Modi)在Facebook總部與馬克丠克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)的會(huì)面，受到的媒體關(guān)注與他在聯(lián)合國(guó)就可持續(xù)發(fā)展議題發(fā)表演講時(shí)一樣多——如果不是更多的話(huà)。在談到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與電子商務(wù)時(shí)，從商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖嘴里不停冒出的“創(chuàng)新”、“分享經(jīng)濟(jì)”和“創(chuàng)客空間”中，有時(shí)很難分辨出是真正的分析還是瘋狂的投機(jī)。有斷言稱(chēng)，數(shù)字化擴(kuò)張將使各國(guó)能夠?qū)⒁恍┌l(fā)展階段完全跳過(guò)——如對(duì)實(shí)體基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行投資，防止危及生存的污染，審慎管理資源以及在道德日益遭到挑戰(zhàn)的世界確立價(jià)值體系。對(duì)電子商務(wù)的關(guān)注實(shí)際上體現(xiàn)出，發(fā)展中國(guó)家一直不能擺脫西方關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模式的理念及對(duì)現(xiàn)代性的定義。

　　The claim that the Internet will fundamentally transform development is unproven anduntested. What is clear is that the Internet makes consumption easier, faster and moreexpansive than ever before. Analysts have thus looked to e-commerce and China’s Internetgiants to help “save” China’s economic model from slowing down.

　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將從根本上改變發(fā)展模式的斷言既未經(jīng)證實(shí)，也未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)。當(dāng)下明顯的是，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使消費(fèi)變得比以往任何時(shí)候更容易、更快、更無(wú)所不包。因此，分析師們開(kāi)始指望電子商務(wù)以及中國(guó)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭幫助“拯救”中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式免于陷入增長(zhǎng)放緩。

　　However, this is the last thing China and other developing countries need. The reality is that e-commerce reduces the private costs of consumption, but little, if anything, to reduce itsoverall social cost. Now, billions of locally-produced products have a massive carbon footprint,as they transported across large distances to faraway customers at a time when we need to bereducing our carbon emissions. In addition, internet retail relies on a growing globaladdiction to wasteful impulse-buying as driver of its business model —“Singles Day” and“Cyber Monday” are testament to that.

　　但是，這是中國(guó)及其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家最不需要做的事。現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是，電子商務(wù)降低了消費(fèi)行為的私人成本，但很少、甚至根本沒(méi)有減少消費(fèi)的整體社會(huì)成本。如今，正當(dāng)我們需要減少碳排放之際，數(shù)十億計(jì)地方制造的產(chǎn)品在跨越千里送到遙遠(yuǎn)的消費(fèi)者手中的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了巨大的碳足跡。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)零售依靠全球越來(lái)越著迷于浪費(fèi)性沖動(dòng)購(gòu)物作為此種商業(yè)模式的推動(dòng)力——“雙十一”和“網(wǎng)絡(luò)星期一”(Cyber Monday)即為證明。

　　Thus, e-commerce increases the divergence between what the individual pays and whatsociety suffers. If one accepts that our economic model thrives on under-pricing goods andservices to promote relentless consumption by externalising its true cost (such asgreenhouse gases and carbon emissions), then e-commerce, by making goods cheaper,worsens the economy’s market failure. This will only lead to greater costs being placed on themajority due to the external costs central to underpriced consumption. The institutionssociety depends upon to draw the balance between consumption, protection andconservation—be they governments, watchdogs or international agencies—are put underenormous pressure as production and consumption become far easier and faster through theInternet.

　　因此，電子商務(wù)加劇了個(gè)人支出與社會(huì)成本之間的不平衡。如果人們接受并認(rèn)為，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式要依靠定價(jià)偏低的商品與服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)繁榮，而后者又通過(guò)將自身真實(shí)成本(如溫室氣體和碳排放)外部化來(lái)推動(dòng)瘋狂消費(fèi)，那么電子商務(wù)就通過(guò)降低商品價(jià)格加劇了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)失靈。這只會(huì)讓大多數(shù)人被迫承擔(dān)更大的成本，因?yàn)閮r(jià)格偏低的消費(fèi)的核心就是造成外部成本。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)變得更便捷、更迅速，社會(huì)所依賴(lài)的在消費(fèi)、環(huán)境保護(hù)與節(jié)約之間保持平衡的機(jī)構(gòu)——不論是政府、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)，還是國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)——均面臨巨大壓力。

　　The truth is that the ability to access Facebook or Alibaba is simply not a priority for amajority that has yet to fulfil their basic needs. How would “the Internet of Things” lead to realdevelopment outcomes for the global poor? How would the majority gain access to the rightsof life—food, water, sanitation, healthcare, education—through e-commerce?

　　事實(shí)是，能夠訪問(wèn)Facebook或阿里巴巴對(duì)于大多數(shù)仍未滿(mǎn)足自身基本需求的人而言根本不重要。“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”如何為全球貧困人口帶來(lái)真正的發(fā)展成果?多數(shù)人又如何通過(guò)電子商務(wù)獲得包括食物、水、衛(wèi)生、醫(yī)療、教育在內(nèi)的生命權(quán)?

　　Hoping that the Internet, by supposedly unleashing consumption and entrepreneurship, willhelp the poor is merely another example of wishful economic thinking: where helping those atthe top would hopefully trickle down to the poor. Even in the United States, with its decade-long head start in digital connectivity, it has yet to be seen how e-commerce helps the lives ofthe unemployed and the working classes—if anything, it has taken jobs away. Part of thesavings from e-commerce has come at the expense of labour, by providing fewer jobs withless job security and fewer benefits than traditional employment. This is not a model to berepeated in the developing world where millions are looking for a decent job and still lacksecure access to basic needs as well as the social safety nets meant to be provided by thestate.

　　期待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——通過(guò)所謂釋放消費(fèi)和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神——能幫助窮人只是又一種一廂情愿的經(jīng)濟(jì)思維：頂層富人受益的同時(shí)可能向窮人下滲一些好處。即使在數(shù)字化連接領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先了10年的美國(guó)，也尚未看到電子商務(wù)對(duì)失業(yè)者和工薪階層的生活有什么幫助——如果說(shuō)有什么影響的話(huà)，也是奪走了就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。電子商務(wù)帶來(lái)的部分收益是以犧牲勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益為代價(jià)的，因?yàn)槠涮峁┑墓ぷ鲘徫槐绕饌鹘y(tǒng)就業(yè)更少，工作保障和收入也更少。這并非發(fā)展中世界應(yīng)該效仿的模式，發(fā)展中國(guó)家仍有數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人口正在尋找體面的工作，仍缺乏滿(mǎn)足基本需求的有保障途徑，而且本應(yīng)由國(guó)家提供的社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)也不完善。

　　To be fair to China, Beijing has yet to reveal the full details of the “Internet Plus” plan or itssignificance in its future development program. Over the next five years, China is currentlypredicted to spend about Rmb2tn, or 3bn, on the Internet — a large amount, to be sure,but dwarfed by the Rmb17tn, or

關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章

　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速普及和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,電子商務(wù)正越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來(lái)的關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章，歡迎閱讀!

　　關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章1

　　靠電子商務(wù)拯救世界 Internet is a bane for developing economies

　　Last week, Jack Ma called for a new “e-WTO” with the aim of helping small businesses get on theInternet, as the best hope in the fight against poverty. This appeal came after Alibaba’slargest ever “Singles Day” a week earlier, with almost US$14.3bn of merchandise sold in 24hours. Alibaba’s social media accounts even reported that Premier Li Keqiang called CEO JackMa to wish him a successful day. “Singles Day” is now the world’s largest shopping day,dwarfingeven the United States’ “Black Friday.”

　　不久前，馬云(Jack Ma)呼吁建立一個(gè)新的、旨在幫助小企業(yè)利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“電子世貿(mào)組織”(e-WTO)，并將此作為消除貧困的最大希望所在。馬云發(fā)出此番呼吁一周之前，阿里巴巴(Alibaba)在“光棍節(jié)”(Singles Day)當(dāng)天24小時(shí)內(nèi)銷(xiāo)售了創(chuàng)歷史新高的近143億美元的商品。阿里巴巴的社交媒體賬戶(hù)甚至宣稱(chēng)，中國(guó)也致電馬云，預(yù)祝“雙十一”取得成功。“光棍節(jié)”如今已成為世界規(guī)模最大的購(gòu)物狂歡節(jié)，甚至連美國(guó)的“黑色星期五”(Black Friday)都相形見(jiàn)絀。

　　These are the latest manifestations of a worrying obsession with e-commerce and theInternet in Asia’s largest economies. In March, Beijing announced its new “Internet Plus” planto expand Internet connectivity. Premier Li, when describing it, brought up the “mobileInternet”, “cloud computing”, “big data”, “intelligent manufacturing” and the “Internet ofThings,” in a manner similar to business leaders in America. Nor is this digital obsessionrestricted to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s meeting with Mark Zuckerberg atFacebook’s headquarters received as much, if not more, media attention as his address onsustainable development to the United Nations days earlier.From the almost breathless mannerin which business leaders use words like “innovation”, “the sharing economy” and “makerspaces”, it can sometimes be hard to distinguish real analysis from wild speculation whentalking about the Internet and e-commerce. The assertion is that digital expansion wouldallow countries to skip entire stages of development, such as investing in real infrastructure,preventing life-threatening pollution, managing resources carefully, and installing valuesystems in an increasingly ethically-challenged world. What the focus on e-commerce actuallyrepresents is the continued inability of the developing world to free itself from Western ideasabout models for economic growth and definitions of modernity.

　　這是亞洲大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)地醉心于電子商務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的最新表現(xiàn)。今年3月，中國(guó)政府宣布了新的“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”(Internet Plus)計(jì)劃，目的是擴(kuò)大網(wǎng)絡(luò)連通性。在描繪這一計(jì)劃時(shí)，以近似于美國(guó)商界領(lǐng)袖的方式提及了“移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”、“云計(jì)算”、“大數(shù)據(jù)”、“智能制造”以及“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”等概念。這種對(duì)數(shù)字化的癡迷并不僅限于中國(guó)。印度納倫德拉莫迪(Narendra Modi)在Facebook總部與馬克丠克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)的會(huì)面，受到的媒體關(guān)注與他在聯(lián)合國(guó)就可持續(xù)發(fā)展議題發(fā)表演講時(shí)一樣多——如果不是更多的話(huà)。在談到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與電子商務(wù)時(shí)，從商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖嘴里不停冒出的“創(chuàng)新”、“分享經(jīng)濟(jì)”和“創(chuàng)客空間”中，有時(shí)很難分辨出是真正的分析還是瘋狂的投機(jī)。有斷言稱(chēng)，數(shù)字化擴(kuò)張將使各國(guó)能夠?qū)⒁恍┌l(fā)展階段完全跳過(guò)——如對(duì)實(shí)體基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行投資，防止危及生存的污染，審慎管理資源以及在道德日益遭到挑戰(zhàn)的世界確立價(jià)值體系。對(duì)電子商務(wù)的關(guān)注實(shí)際上體現(xiàn)出，發(fā)展中國(guó)家一直不能擺脫西方關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模式的理念及對(duì)現(xiàn)代性的定義。

　　The claim that the Internet will fundamentally transform development is unproven anduntested. What is clear is that the Internet makes consumption easier, faster and moreexpansive than ever before. Analysts have thus looked to e-commerce and China’s Internetgiants to help “save” China’s economic model from slowing down.

　　互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將從根本上改變發(fā)展模式的斷言既未經(jīng)證實(shí)，也未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)。當(dāng)下明顯的是，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使消費(fèi)變得比以往任何時(shí)候更容易、更快、更無(wú)所不包。因此，分析師們開(kāi)始指望電子商務(wù)以及中國(guó)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭幫助“拯救”中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式免于陷入增長(zhǎng)放緩。

　　However, this is the last thing China and other developing countries need. The reality is that e-commerce reduces the private costs of consumption, but little, if anything, to reduce itsoverall social cost. Now, billions of locally-produced products have a massive carbon footprint,as they transported across large distances to faraway customers at a time when we need to bereducing our carbon emissions. In addition, internet retail relies on a growing globaladdiction to wasteful impulse-buying as driver of its business model —“Singles Day” and“Cyber Monday” are testament to that.

　　但是，這是中國(guó)及其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家最不需要做的事。現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是，電子商務(wù)降低了消費(fèi)行為的私人成本，但很少、甚至根本沒(méi)有減少消費(fèi)的整體社會(huì)成本。如今，正當(dāng)我們需要減少碳排放之際，數(shù)十億計(jì)地方制造的產(chǎn)品在跨越千里送到遙遠(yuǎn)的消費(fèi)者手中的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了巨大的碳足跡。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)零售依靠全球越來(lái)越著迷于浪費(fèi)性沖動(dòng)購(gòu)物作為此種商業(yè)模式的推動(dòng)力——“雙十一”和“網(wǎng)絡(luò)星期一”(Cyber Monday)即為證明。

　　Thus, e-commerce increases the divergence between what the individual pays and whatsociety suffers. If one accepts that our economic model thrives on under-pricing goods andservices to promote relentless consumption by externalising its true cost (such asgreenhouse gases and carbon emissions), then e-commerce, by making goods cheaper,worsens the economy’s market failure. This will only lead to greater costs being placed on themajority due to the external costs central to underpriced consumption. The institutionssociety depends upon to draw the balance between consumption, protection andconservation—be they governments, watchdogs or international agencies—are put underenormous pressure as production and consumption become far easier and faster through theInternet.

　　因此，電子商務(wù)加劇了個(gè)人支出與社會(huì)成本之間的不平衡。如果人們接受并認(rèn)為，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式要依靠定價(jià)偏低的商品與服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)繁榮，而后者又通過(guò)將自身真實(shí)成本(如溫室氣體和碳排放)外部化來(lái)推動(dòng)瘋狂消費(fèi)，那么電子商務(wù)就通過(guò)降低商品價(jià)格加劇了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)失靈。這只會(huì)讓大多數(shù)人被迫承擔(dān)更大的成本，因?yàn)閮r(jià)格偏低的消費(fèi)的核心就是造成外部成本。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)變得更便捷、更迅速，社會(huì)所依賴(lài)的在消費(fèi)、環(huán)境保護(hù)與節(jié)約之間保持平衡的機(jī)構(gòu)——不論是政府、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)，還是國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)——均面臨巨大壓力。

　　The truth is that the ability to access Facebook or Alibaba is simply not a priority for amajority that has yet to fulfil their basic needs. How would “the Internet of Things” lead to realdevelopment outcomes for the global poor? How would the majority gain access to the rightsof life—food, water, sanitation, healthcare, education—through e-commerce?

　　事實(shí)是，能夠訪問(wèn)Facebook或阿里巴巴對(duì)于大多數(shù)仍未滿(mǎn)足自身基本需求的人而言根本不重要。“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”如何為全球貧困人口帶來(lái)真正的發(fā)展成果?多數(shù)人又如何通過(guò)電子商務(wù)獲得包括食物、水、衛(wèi)生、醫(yī)療、教育在內(nèi)的生命權(quán)?

　　Hoping that the Internet, by supposedly unleashing consumption and entrepreneurship, willhelp the poor is merely another example of wishful economic thinking: where helping those atthe top would hopefully trickle down to the poor. Even in the United States, with its decade-long head start in digital connectivity, it has yet to be seen how e-commerce helps the lives ofthe unemployed and the working classes—if anything, it has taken jobs away. Part of thesavings from e-commerce has come at the expense of labour, by providing fewer jobs withless job security and fewer benefits than traditional employment. This is not a model to berepeated in the developing world where millions are looking for a decent job and still lacksecure access to basic needs as well as the social safety nets meant to be provided by thestate.

　　期待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——通過(guò)所謂釋放消費(fèi)和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神——能幫助窮人只是又一種一廂情愿的經(jīng)濟(jì)思維：頂層富人受益的同時(shí)可能向窮人下滲一些好處。即使在數(shù)字化連接領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先了10年的美國(guó)，也尚未看到電子商務(wù)對(duì)失業(yè)者和工薪階層的生活有什么幫助——如果說(shuō)有什么影響的話(huà)，也是奪走了就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。電子商務(wù)帶來(lái)的部分收益是以犧牲勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益為代價(jià)的，因?yàn)槠涮峁┑墓ぷ鲘徫槐绕饌鹘y(tǒng)就業(yè)更少，工作保障和收入也更少。這并非發(fā)展中世界應(yīng)該效仿的模式，發(fā)展中國(guó)家仍有數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人口正在尋找體面的工作，仍缺乏滿(mǎn)足基本需求的有保障途徑，而且本應(yīng)由國(guó)家提供的社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)也不完善。

　　To be fair to China, Beijing has yet to reveal the full details of the “Internet Plus” plan or itssignificance in its future development program. Over the next five years, China is currentlypredicted to spend about Rmb2tn, or $313bn, on the Internet — a large amount, to be sure,but dwarfed by the Rmb17tn, or $2.6tn, that China will spend on environmental protection.

　　公平而言，北京方面尚未透露“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”計(jì)劃的全部細(xì)節(jié)或在其未來(lái)發(fā)展規(guī)劃中的重要性。目前預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)未來(lái)五年將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域投入約2萬(wàn)億元人民幣(合3130億美元)——可以肯定，這是一筆巨額投入，但與中國(guó)將在環(huán)境保護(hù)上支出的17萬(wàn)億元人民幣(約合2.6萬(wàn)億美元)相比就很小了。

　　However, the risk remains that Chinawill be distracted by a lop-sided view of the economicbenefits of e-commerce. This risk is not limited to China. Prime Minister Modi has called for anational fibre optic network and pledged the construction of hundreds of “smart cities.”These goals seem outlandish given the very real development issues that plague India, such asthe lack of consistent and adequate access to adequate sanitation and clean water. Fundingthe pipes that would carry the latter rather than optic cables would certainly make a great dealof sense, yet it is only the investment in Internet connectivity that attracts the attention andinterest of politicians and investors.

　　然而，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然存在：關(guān)于電子商務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的片面觀點(diǎn)將分散中國(guó)決策者的注意力。這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不僅存在于中國(guó)。印度莫迪曾呼吁建立全國(guó)光纖網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并宣稱(chēng)要建設(shè)數(shù)百個(gè)“智能城市”?？紤]到困擾印度的眾多現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)展問(wèn)題——如缺乏衛(wèi)生設(shè)施和清潔水的持續(xù)充足供應(yīng)，這些目標(biāo)顯得格格不入。顯然，投資于輸送清潔水的管道、而非光纜才是極為合理的，然而，只有網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接方面的投資才能吸引政界人士和投資者的注意與興趣。

　　The issues faced by China, Indiaand the developing world have no precedent in human history,and seeking solutions via archaic economic models and technology fads is sheer folly. Theireconomic development has already led to huge environmental degradation: China’s official newsagencies now use the term “doomsday” to describe air pollution.

　　中印以及整個(gè)發(fā)展中世界所面臨的問(wèn)題在人類(lèi)歷史上沒(méi)有先例，通過(guò)過(guò)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型和技術(shù)風(fēng)潮尋求解決方案絕對(duì)是愚蠢的。這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已經(jīng)帶來(lái)了大范圍的環(huán)境退化：中國(guó)官方新聞機(jī)構(gòu)如今用“世界末日”一詞來(lái)形容國(guó)內(nèi)的空氣污染。

　　Billions of poor have yet to have their basic needs met, let alone share in prosperity. These arethe people that those involved in “maker spaces” or “the sharing economy” convenientlyignore. After all, the poor don’t have anything to share in what so far is an “un-sharing” globaleconomy typified by widening economic disparities. The Internet will surely not solve theseproblems, and more free-riding consumption is the last thingChina orIndia needs. Using theInternet as a crutch must not distract from the tough work of development.

　　數(shù)十億計(jì)的貧困人口仍未能滿(mǎn)足自身的基本需求，更不用說(shuō)共享繁榮。他們就是被那些參與“創(chuàng)客空間”或“共享經(jīng)濟(jì)”的人輕易忽視的群體。畢竟，在迄今仍為“非共享”且發(fā)展差距日益擴(kuò)大的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中，窮人沒(méi)有什么可供分享?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)必然無(wú)法解決這些問(wèn)題，更多的搭便車(chē)式消費(fèi)是中國(guó)和印度最不需要的。利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為拐杖不能影響為發(fā)展所要付出的艱難努力。

　　By extension, China and India must have “dreams” that are bigger than the Internet. Theyneed to take the lead in figuring out a new model of development for the 21stCentury thatintelligently leverages science and technology, but without being seduced by musings about e-commerce that mask deep structural flaws of current economic models. Resolving thosepressing issues should be the real “innovation” that lies at the heart of any developmentprogram.

　　更進(jìn)一步而言，中國(guó)和印度必須有比擁抱互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更大的“夢(mèng)想”。他們需要帶頭為21世紀(jì)找到一種新的發(fā)展模式——智慧地利用科學(xué)技術(shù)，同時(shí)不能因迷戀掩蓋了當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)模式深層次結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的電子商務(wù)而誤入歧途。解決這些緊迫問(wèn)題才是應(yīng)該居于所有發(fā)展規(guī)劃核心的真正“創(chuàng)新”。

　　關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章2

　　電子商務(wù)的定義和內(nèi)容

　　Electronic Commerce over the Internet is a new concept. In recent years, it has become sobroadly used that it is often left undifferentiated from other current trends which rely onautomation, such as concurrent engineering and just in time manufacturing. Many companies,including CyberCash, Dig Cash, First Virtual, and Open Market had provided a variety ofelectronic commerce services.

　　通過(guò)Internet的電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)新概念。在近年，它已經(jīng)被如此廣泛的使用以至于它與當(dāng)前依靠自動(dòng)化的其他趨勢(shì)無(wú)差別，例如程學(xué)和即時(shí)生產(chǎn)。很多公司，包括CyberCash、Dig Cash、First Virtua和Open Market已經(jīng)提供多種電子商務(wù)服務(wù)。

　　If you have access to a personal computer (PC) and can connect to the Internet with a browser,you can do business online. No more worries about programming. No more searching foroutdated catalogs as a customer or printing catalogs as a merchant. No more looking forphone numbers, paying long-distance to connect, or keeping the store open late into theevening. Just get on the Web, open an online store, and watch your business grow.

　　如果你有機(jī)會(huì)使用一部個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)并且能通過(guò)瀏覽連接上Internet，你就能在線(xiàn)做生意。不用再為編程擔(dān)心?？蛻?hù)再也不用尋找過(guò)時(shí)的目錄，而商家再也不用打印目錄。再也不用查詢(xún)電話(huà)號(hào)碼，支付長(zhǎng)途費(fèi)用，或者很晚還開(kāi)著商店。只要上網(wǎng)，開(kāi)一家網(wǎng)上商店，就可以看你的生意增長(zhǎng)。

　　The wired world of business, developed technology, human talent, and a new way of doingbusiness make up today's growing worldwide economy. The backbone of this electroniccommerce is the Internet. The wired world is not about technology, it is about information,decision making, and communication. The wired world is changing life for everyone, from thesingle household to the largest corporation. No business can afford to ignore the potentialof a connected economy.

　　技術(shù)，人的才能，和新經(jīng)營(yíng)方式構(gòu)成今天的日益增長(zhǎng)的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)。電子商務(wù)的根基是 Internet。網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界不僅僅是技術(shù)，它是關(guān)于信息、決策和交際的網(wǎng)。這個(gè)世界正在改變每個(gè)人的生活，從單個(gè)的家庭到大的公司。沒(méi)有企業(yè)能忽視互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛能。

　　Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and sellingor exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including theInternet. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

　　電子商務(wù)作為新興的概念，它描述廣通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(包括Internet)買(mǎi)賣(mài)或交換商品、服務(wù)與信息的過(guò)程。Kalakota 和 Whinston (1997)從以下角度定義了電子商務(wù)：

　　From a communications perspective, EC is the delivery of information, products/services, orpayments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means.

　　從通信角度看，電子商務(wù)是通過(guò)電話(huà)線(xiàn)路、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或其他電子方式傳遞信息、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或支付。

　　From a business process perspective, EC is the application of technology toward theautomation of business transactions and work flow.

　　從商務(wù)角度看，電子商務(wù)是為促使商務(wù)交易及工流程自動(dòng)化而實(shí)施的技術(shù)成用。

　　From a service perspective, EC is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, andmanagement to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speedof service delivery.

　　從服務(wù)角度看，電子商務(wù)是一種工具，用來(lái)幫助公司、消費(fèi)者和管理者減少服務(wù)成本，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，加快服務(wù)速度。

　　From an on-line perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products andinformation on the Internet and other on-line services.

　　從在線(xiàn)角度看，電子商務(wù)通過(guò)Internet及其聯(lián)機(jī)服務(wù)，提供商品與信息的購(gòu)買(mǎi)和銷(xiāo)售。

　　The term commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners.Therefore, the term electronic commerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus,many use the term e-business. It refers to a broader definition of EC, not just buying andselling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conductingelectronic transactions within an organization. According to Lou Gerstner, IBM's CEO: "E-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching newcustomers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage."

　　人們將商務(wù)看作商業(yè)伙伴之間的交易行為。因此，對(duì)于某些人來(lái)說(shuō)，電子商務(wù)的概念有些偏窄。所以許多人使用e-business —詞，即廣義的電子商務(wù)。廣義的電子商務(wù)不僅涉及到買(mǎi)與賣(mài)，還包括對(duì)客戶(hù)的服務(wù)，商業(yè)伙伴之間的合作以及企業(yè)組織內(nèi)部的電子交易。 根據(jù)IBM公司首席執(zhí)行官Lou Gerstner所言：“廣義的電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)完整的周期，意味著高速度、全球化、增加產(chǎn)量、獲得新的客戶(hù)、共享競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。”

　　Just like any other type of commerce, electronic commerce involves two parties: businessesand consumers. There are three basic types of electronic commerce.

　　正如任何其他類(lèi)型商業(yè)一樣，電子商務(wù)主要包含兩個(gè)主體：企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者。有三種基本的電子商務(wù)類(lèi)型。

　　Business-to-Consumer (B2C): These are retailing transactions with individual shoppers. Thetypical shopper at Amazon.com is a consumer, or a customer. Oftentimes, this arrangementeliminates the middleman by providing manufacturers direct sales to customers. Other times,retail stores create a presence on the Web as another way to reach customers.

　　企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者(B2C)：這是一種而向個(gè)體購(gòu)物者的零售交易。諸如亞馬遜網(wǎng)站的客戶(hù)，就是典型的個(gè)體購(gòu)物者。通常這種模式將產(chǎn)品直接銷(xiāo)售給客戶(hù)，免去了許多中間環(huán)節(jié)。另外，零售商通過(guò)Web站點(diǎn)和客戶(hù)建立了另外一個(gè)通道。

　　Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): This category involves individuals selling to individuals. Thisoften takes the form of an electronic version of the classified ads or an auction. Goods aredescribed and interested buyers contact sellers to negotiate prices. Unlike traditional sales viaclassified ads and auctions, buyers and sellers typically never meet face-to-face. Examples areindividuals selling in classified ads and selling residential property, cars, and so on. Advertisingpersonal services on the Internet and selling knowledge and expertise is another example ofC2C. Several auction sites allow individuals to put items up for auctions. Finally, many individualsare using internal networks to advertise items for sale or service.

　　消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者(C2C)：在這一類(lèi)型中消費(fèi)者與消費(fèi)者之間直接進(jìn)行交易。經(jīng)常采取分類(lèi)廣告或拍賣(mài)的電子形式，貨物在網(wǎng)上展示吸引買(mǎi)方與賣(mài)方議價(jià)。與通過(guò)分類(lèi)廣告和拍賣(mài)的傳統(tǒng)的銷(xiāo)售不同，買(mǎi)方和賣(mài)方通常從未見(jiàn)過(guò)面。例如，個(gè)人在分類(lèi)廣告中銷(xiāo)售房產(chǎn)或轎車(chē)等。在Internet上提供個(gè)人服務(wù)廣告，進(jìn)行專(zhuān)業(yè)性的咨詢(xún)服務(wù)是C2C的另外一個(gè)例證。有幾個(gè)拍賣(mài)網(wǎng)站提供個(gè)人的拍賣(mài)服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。最后，還有許多人通過(guò)內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供銷(xiāo)售或服務(wù)的廣告信息。

　　Business-to-Business (B2B): This category involves the sale of a product or service fromone business to another. This is typically a manufacturer-supplier relationship. For example, afurniture manufacturer requires raw materials such as wood, paint, and varnish. In B2Belectronic commerce, manufacturers electronically place orders with suppliers and many timespayment is made electronically.

　　企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)(B2B)：在這一類(lèi)型中涉及企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的交易。通常是一種制造商與供應(yīng)者的關(guān)系。例如，一個(gè)家具制造商需要原料(例如木頭，畫(huà)，以及淸漆)。在企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)電子商務(wù)過(guò)程中，制造商以電子方式向供應(yīng)商訂購(gòu)，很多次款項(xiàng)都以電子方式支付。

　　Many people think EC is just having a Web site, but EC is much more than that. There aredozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in on-line stores and malls,buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating electronically onresearch and development projects. To execute these applications, it is necessary to havesupporting information and organizational infrastructure and systems. EC applications aresupported by infrastructures, and their implementation is dependent on four major areas:people, public policy, technical standards and protocols, and other organizations. The ECmanagement coordinates the applications, infrastructures, and pillars.

　　很多人認(rèn)為電子商務(wù)就是有一個(gè)網(wǎng)站，但是電子商務(wù)遠(yuǎn)不止于此。電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用很廣，如家庭銀行業(yè)務(wù)、在線(xiàn)商店和商業(yè)區(qū)的購(gòu)物、買(mǎi)股票、找到一個(gè)工作、進(jìn)行一次拍賣(mài)以及在網(wǎng)上合作研發(fā)項(xiàng)目等等。為了執(zhí)行這些應(yīng)用，有支持信息和機(jī)構(gòu)化的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)是必要的。基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持電子商務(wù)成用，并且它們的實(shí)施依賴(lài)于四個(gè)主要方面：人民、國(guó)家政策、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和協(xié)議以及其他組織。電子商務(wù)管理協(xié)調(diào)應(yīng)用，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和支柱。

.6tn, that China will spend on environmental protection.

　　公平而言，北京方面尚未透露“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”計(jì)劃的全部細(xì)節(jié)或在其未來(lái)發(fā)展規(guī)劃中的重要性。目前預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)未來(lái)五年將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域投入約2萬(wàn)億元人民幣(合3130億美元)——可以肯定，這是一筆巨額投入，但與中國(guó)將在環(huán)境保護(hù)上支出的17萬(wàn)億元人民幣(約合2.6萬(wàn)億美元)相比就很小了。

　　However, the risk remains that Chinawill be distracted by a lop-sided view of the economicbenefits of e-commerce. This risk is not limited to China. Prime Minister Modi has called for anational fibre optic network and pledged the construction of hundreds of “smart cities.”These goals seem outlandish given the very real development issues that plague India, such asthe lack of consistent and adequate access to adequate sanitation and clean water. Fundingthe pipes that would carry the latter rather than optic cables would certainly make a great dealof sense, yet it is only the investment in Internet connectivity that attracts the attention andinterest of politicians and investors.

　　然而，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然存在：關(guān)于電子商務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的片面觀點(diǎn)將分散中國(guó)決策者的注意力。這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不僅存在于中國(guó)。印度莫迪曾呼吁建立全國(guó)光纖網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并宣稱(chēng)要建設(shè)數(shù)百個(gè)“智能城市”?？紤]到困擾印度的眾多現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)展問(wèn)題——如缺乏衛(wèi)生設(shè)施和清潔水的持續(xù)充足供應(yīng)，這些目標(biāo)顯得格格不入。顯然，投資于輸送清潔水的管道、而非光纜才是極為合理的，然而，只有網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接方面的投資才能吸引政界人士和投資者的注意與興趣。

　　The issues faced by China, Indiaand the developing world have no precedent in human history,and seeking solutions via archaic economic models and technology fads is sheer folly. Theireconomic development has already led to huge environmental degradation: China’s official newsagencies now use the term “doomsday” to describe air pollution.

　　中印以及整個(gè)發(fā)展中世界所面臨的問(wèn)題在人類(lèi)歷史上沒(méi)有先例，通過(guò)過(guò)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型和技術(shù)風(fēng)潮尋求解決方案絕對(duì)是愚蠢的。這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已經(jīng)帶來(lái)了大范圍的環(huán)境退化：中國(guó)官方新聞機(jī)構(gòu)如今用“世界末日”一詞來(lái)形容國(guó)內(nèi)的空氣污染。

　　Billions of poor have yet to have their basic needs met, let alone share in prosperity. These arethe people that those involved in “maker spaces” or “the sharing economy” convenientlyignore. After all, the poor don’t have anything to share in what so far is an “un-sharing” globaleconomy typified by widening economic disparities. The Internet will surely not solve theseproblems, and more free-riding consumption is the last thingChina orIndia needs. Using theInternet as a crutch must not distract from the tough work of development.

　　數(shù)十億計(jì)的貧困人口仍未能滿(mǎn)足自身的基本需求，更不用說(shuō)共享繁榮。他們就是被那些參與“創(chuàng)客空間”或“共享經(jīng)濟(jì)”的人輕易忽視的群體。畢竟，在迄今仍為“非共享”且發(fā)展差距日益擴(kuò)大的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中，窮人沒(méi)有什么可供分享。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)必然無(wú)法解決這些問(wèn)題，更多的搭便車(chē)式消費(fèi)是中國(guó)和印度最不需要的。利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為拐杖不能影響為發(fā)展所要付出的艱難努力。

　　By extension, China and India must have “dreams” that are bigger than the Internet. Theyneed to take the lead in figuring out a new model of development for the 21stCentury thatintelligently leverages science and technology, but without being seduced by musings about e-commerce that mask deep structural flaws of current economic models. Resolving thosepressing issues should be the real “innovation” that lies at the heart of any developmentprogram.

　　更進(jìn)一步而言，中國(guó)和印度必須有比擁抱互聯(lián)網(wǎng)更大的“夢(mèng)想”。他們需要帶頭為21世紀(jì)找到一種新的發(fā)展模式——智慧地利用科學(xué)技術(shù)，同時(shí)不能因迷戀掩蓋了當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)模式深層次結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的電子商務(wù)而誤入歧途。解決這些緊迫問(wèn)題才是應(yīng)該居于所有發(fā)展規(guī)劃核心的真正“創(chuàng)新”。

　　關(guān)于電子商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文章2

　　電子商務(wù)的定義和內(nèi)容

　　Electronic Commerce over the Internet is a new concept. In recent years, it has become sobroadly used that it is often left undifferentiated from other current trends which rely onautomation, such as concurrent engineering and just in time manufacturing. Many companies,including CyberCash, Dig Cash, First Virtual, and Open Market had provided a variety ofelectronic commerce services.

　　通過(guò)Internet的電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)新概念。在近年，它已經(jīng)被如此廣泛的使用以至于它與當(dāng)前依靠自動(dòng)化的其他趨勢(shì)無(wú)差別，例如程學(xué)和即時(shí)生產(chǎn)。很多公司，包括CyberCash、Dig Cash、First Virtua和Open Market已經(jīng)提供多種電子商務(wù)服務(wù)。

　　If you have access to a personal computer (PC) and can connect to the Internet with a browser,you can do business online. No more worries about programming. No more searching foroutdated catalogs as a customer or printing catalogs as a merchant. No more looking forphone numbers, paying long-distance to connect, or keeping the store open late into theevening. Just get on the Web, open an online store, and watch your business grow.

　　如果你有機(jī)會(huì)使用一部個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)并且能通過(guò)瀏覽連接上Internet，你就能在線(xiàn)做生意。不用再為編程擔(dān)心。客戶(hù)再也不用尋找過(guò)時(shí)的目錄，而商家再也不用打印目錄。再也不用查詢(xún)電話(huà)號(hào)碼，支付長(zhǎng)途費(fèi)用，或者很晚還開(kāi)著商店。只要上網(wǎng)，開(kāi)一家網(wǎng)上商店，就可以看你的生意增長(zhǎng)。

　　The wired world of business, developed technology, human talent, and a new way of doingbusiness make up today's growing worldwide economy. The backbone of this electroniccommerce is the Internet. The wired world is not about technology, it is about information,decision making, and communication. The wired world is changing life for everyone, from thesingle household to the largest corporation. No business can afford to ignore the potentialof a connected economy.

　　技術(shù)，人的才能，和新經(jīng)營(yíng)方式構(gòu)成今天的日益增長(zhǎng)的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)。電子商務(wù)的根基是 Internet。網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界不僅僅是技術(shù)，它是關(guān)于信息、決策和交際的網(wǎng)。這個(gè)世界正在改變每個(gè)人的生活，從單個(gè)的家庭到大的公司。沒(méi)有企業(yè)能忽視互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛能。

　　Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and sellingor exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including theInternet. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) define EC from these perspectives:

　　電子商務(wù)作為新興的概念，它描述廣通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(包括Internet)買(mǎi)賣(mài)或交換商品、服務(wù)與信息的過(guò)程。Kalakota 和 Whinston (1997)從以下角度定義了電子商務(wù)：

　　From a communications perspective, EC is the delivery of information, products/services, orpayments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means.

　　從通信角度看，電子商務(wù)是通過(guò)電話(huà)線(xiàn)路、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或其他電子方式傳遞信息、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或支付。

　　From a business process perspective, EC is the application of technology toward theautomation of business transactions and work flow.

　　從商務(wù)角度看，電子商務(wù)是為促使商務(wù)交易及工流程自動(dòng)化而實(shí)施的技術(shù)成用。

　　From a service perspective, EC is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, andmanagement to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speedof service delivery.

　　從服務(wù)角度看，電子商務(wù)是一種工具，用來(lái)幫助公司、消費(fèi)者和管理者減少服務(wù)成本，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，加快服務(wù)速度。

　　From an on-line perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products andinformation on the Internet and other on-line services.

　　從在線(xiàn)角度看，電子商務(wù)通過(guò)Internet及其聯(lián)機(jī)服務(wù)，提供商品與信息的購(gòu)買(mǎi)和銷(xiāo)售。

　　The term commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners.Therefore, the term electronic commerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus,many use the term e-business. It refers to a broader definition of EC, not just buying andselling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conductingelectronic transactions within an organization. According to Lou Gerstner, IBM's CEO: "E-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching newcustomers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage."

　　人們將商務(wù)看作商業(yè)伙伴之間的交易行為。因此，對(duì)于某些人來(lái)說(shuō)，電子商務(wù)的概念有些偏窄。所以許多人使用e-business —詞，即廣義的電子商務(wù)。廣義的電子商務(wù)不僅涉及到買(mǎi)與賣(mài)，還包括對(duì)客戶(hù)的服務(wù)，商業(yè)伙伴之間的合作以及企業(yè)組織內(nèi)部的電子交易。 根據(jù)IBM公司首席執(zhí)行官Lou Gerstner所言：“廣義的電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)完整的周期，意味著高速度、全球化、增加產(chǎn)量、獲得新的客戶(hù)、共享競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。”

　　Just like any other type of commerce, electronic commerce involves two parties: businessesand consumers. There are three basic types of electronic commerce.

　　正如任何其他類(lèi)型商業(yè)一樣，電子商務(wù)主要包含兩個(gè)主體：企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者。有三種基本的電子商務(wù)類(lèi)型。

　　Business-to-Consumer (B2C): These are retailing transactions with individual shoppers. Thetypical shopper at Amazon.com is a consumer, or a customer. Oftentimes, this arrangementeliminates the middleman by providing manufacturers direct sales to customers. Other times,retail stores create a presence on the Web as another way to reach customers.

　　企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者(B2C)：這是一種而向個(gè)體購(gòu)物者的零售交易。諸如亞馬遜網(wǎng)站的客戶(hù)，就是典型的個(gè)體購(gòu)物者。通常這種模式將產(chǎn)品直接銷(xiāo)售給客戶(hù)，免去了許多中間環(huán)節(jié)。另外，零售商通過(guò)Web站點(diǎn)和客戶(hù)建立了另外一個(gè)通道。

　　Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): This category involves individuals selling to individuals. Thisoften takes the form of an electronic version of the classified ads or an auction. Goods aredescribed and interested buyers contact sellers to negotiate prices. Unlike traditional sales viaclassified ads and auctions, buyers and sellers typically never meet face-to-face. Examples areindividuals selling in classified ads and selling residential property, cars, and so on. Advertisingpersonal services on the Internet and selling knowledge and expertise is another example ofC2C. Several auction sites allow individuals to put items up for auctions. Finally, many individualsare using internal networks to advertise items for sale or service.

　　消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者(C2C)：在這一類(lèi)型中消費(fèi)者與消費(fèi)者之間直接進(jìn)行交易。經(jīng)常采取分類(lèi)廣告或拍賣(mài)的電子形式，貨物在網(wǎng)上展示吸引買(mǎi)方與賣(mài)方議價(jià)。與通過(guò)分類(lèi)廣告和拍賣(mài)的傳統(tǒng)的銷(xiāo)售不同，買(mǎi)方和賣(mài)方通常從未見(jiàn)過(guò)面。例如，個(gè)人在分類(lèi)廣告中銷(xiāo)售房產(chǎn)或轎車(chē)等。在Internet上提供個(gè)人服務(wù)廣告，進(jìn)行專(zhuān)業(yè)性的咨詢(xún)服務(wù)是C2C的另外一個(gè)例證。有幾個(gè)拍賣(mài)網(wǎng)站提供個(gè)人的拍賣(mài)服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。最后，還有許多人通過(guò)內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供銷(xiāo)售或服務(wù)的廣告信息。

　　Business-to-Business (B2B): This category involves the sale of a product or service fromone business to another. This is typically a manufacturer-supplier relationship. For example, afurniture manufacturer requires raw materials such as wood, paint, and varnish. In B2Belectronic commerce, manufacturers electronically place orders with suppliers and many timespayment is made electronically.

　　企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)(B2B)：在這一類(lèi)型中涉及企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的交易。通常是一種制造商與供應(yīng)者的關(guān)系。例如，一個(gè)家具制造商需要原料(例如木頭，畫(huà)，以及淸漆)。在企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)電子商務(wù)過(guò)程中，制造商以電子方式向供應(yīng)商訂購(gòu)，很多次款項(xiàng)都以電子方式支付。

　　Many people think EC is just having a Web site, but EC is much more than that. There aredozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in on-line stores and malls,buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating electronically onresearch and development projects. To execute these applications, it is necessary to havesupporting information and organizational infrastructure and systems. EC applications aresupported by infrastructures, and their implementation is dependent on four major areas:people, public policy, technical standards and protocols, and other organizations. The ECmanagement coordinates the applications, infrastructures, and pillars.

　　很多人認(rèn)為電子商務(wù)就是有一個(gè)網(wǎng)站，但是電子商務(wù)遠(yuǎn)不止于此。電子商務(wù)的應(yīng)用很廣，如家庭銀行業(yè)務(wù)、在線(xiàn)商店和商業(yè)區(qū)的購(gòu)物、買(mǎi)股票、找到一個(gè)工作、進(jìn)行一次拍賣(mài)以及在網(wǎng)上合作研發(fā)項(xiàng)目等等。為了執(zhí)行這些應(yīng)用，有支持信息和機(jī)構(gòu)化的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)是必要的?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施支持電子商務(wù)成用，并且它們的實(shí)施依賴(lài)于四個(gè)主要方面：人民、國(guó)家政策、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和協(xié)議以及其他組織。電子商務(wù)管理協(xié)調(diào)應(yīng)用，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和支柱。