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      學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)閱讀 > 英語(yǔ)文摘 > 考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型

      考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型

      時(shí)間: 韋彥867 分享

      考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型

        閱讀理解在全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試中占有很大的比重,為整個(gè)試卷的40%。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來(lái)的考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型,歡迎閱讀!

        考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型1

        考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章類型有哪些?題型分類有哪些?

        對(duì)于考研閱讀理解(Part A)而言,考研學(xué)生對(duì)這一題目非常的熟悉,這不僅是在考研英語(yǔ)中所占的比分比較大,也連著考了十幾年,命題專家都有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)它,因此每次考試最穩(wěn)定的就是四選一的閱讀理解題。對(duì)于考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章類型來(lái)說(shuō),近幾年越來(lái)越重視對(duì)人文科學(xué)的考查,所以就要要求考生平時(shí)要多注重閱讀一些英美經(jīng)濟(jì)文化科技方面的報(bào)刊書(shū)籍,例如The Economist (經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家),Newsweek (新聞周刊),Time (時(shí)代周刊)上面的文章。在尋找材料時(shí),要有選擇,比如說(shuō)不要涉及政治方面及時(shí)事方面比較敏感的話題,如種族歧視、宗教信仰、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)評(píng)論等等議論文。

        我們來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章類型中的說(shuō)明文,在考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章類型中,說(shuō)明文也經(jīng)常容易出現(xiàn)。一般說(shuō)明文題材多見(jiàn)于人文、自然等科普讀物,常通過(guò)定義、比較、對(duì)照等寫(xiě)作手法對(duì)事物的性狀、特征、演變、結(jié)果或其相互之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行解釋或揭示。說(shuō)明文的第一句通常為主題句,開(kāi)宗明義、點(diǎn)明全文要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象,如上所述,說(shuō)明文的行文方式有其特點(diǎn),即主要有比較、對(duì)照和分類幾種格式,每篇短文以一種為主,有時(shí)幾種兼用。閱讀說(shuō)明文要抓住文章的主題,弄清短文的段落組織方式與行文格式,同時(shí)還要把握各層次(或自然段)的要點(diǎn)及其與短文主題的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。

        通過(guò)歷年的考研英語(yǔ)真題和大綱要求不難看出,考研英語(yǔ)主要題型有:主旨題、推理引申題、詞義句義猜測(cè)、事物識(shí)別、因果關(guān)系類、what/which/who類、例證題、細(xì)節(jié)infer類型題、態(tài)度類、推理類題型,然后就是主旨大意和推理引申題目為主。

        考研英語(yǔ)的文章類型2

        了解考研常見(jiàn)文章類型可以幫助考生把握文章的重要信息、抓住文章的推論過(guò)程、提高做題的命中率。

        一、議論文與說(shuō)明文

        在閱讀英文文章時(shí),很少有考生認(rèn)識(shí)到:議論文和說(shuō)明文也有不同的組織方式。對(duì)這些不同方式的了解同樣有助于考生更有效地把握文章。下面我們就來(lái)對(duì)議論文和說(shuō)明文的結(jié)構(gòu)做一下具體分析。

        第一類 具體模式如下:

        提出問(wèn)題 論述問(wèn)題 得出結(jié)論

        這僅僅是就文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)而言。提出問(wèn)題部分可以有自己的復(fù)雜形式,如:

        1. 在提出自己的看法前作者先簡(jiǎn)述他人的觀點(diǎn),而提出問(wèn)題后也可稍做解釋。

        2. 論述問(wèn)題可以采用以下多種方式,或?qū)⑦@些方式混合使用:

        1)使用具體數(shù)據(jù)作為論據(jù);

        2)使用具體實(shí)例作為論據(jù);

        3)引用名人或涉及的人的話作為論據(jù);

        4)使用邏輯推理作為論據(jù)。

        等等。

        3. 結(jié)論也可以有其復(fù)雜形式,如:在提出結(jié)論前可以檢驗(yàn)其他可能性,而在提出結(jié)論后還可以指出這一結(jié)論的意義。

        【例1】

        There is an old idea that talented children “burn themselves out" in the early years and therefore are subject to failure and,at worst,mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact,the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.

        To find this out, 1 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty?fifty years with these results:

        On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were,as a group,in good health,physically and mentally. 84 per cent of the group were married and seemed content with their lives.

        About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out,but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.

        Of the men 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office,business,or professional occupations.

        The group had published 90 books and 1 500 articles in scientific,scholarly,and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.?

        In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people,especially the men,than for the country as a whole,despite their comparative youth.

        In fact,far from being strange,most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality. (1990年考題)

        【綜合分析】第一段第一句提到了一種錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn),第二句提出了本文旨在說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題,中間幾段用數(shù)據(jù)分別從幾方面論述了這一問(wèn)題,最后一段是全文的結(jié)論,far from being strange 的使用更強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一結(jié)論。

        23. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out" in the early years is .

        [A] true in all senses

        [B] refuted by the author

        [C] medically proven

        [D] a belief of the author

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[B]是正確答案。本題提問(wèn)的是作者對(duì)所提到的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度,根據(jù)第一段,作者認(rèn)為它缺乏依據(jù)(is unfounded)。

        24. The survey of bright children was made to .

        [A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults

        [B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out" in the early years

        [C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted

        [D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[A]是正確答案。本題提問(wèn)的是跟蹤調(diào)查的目的,這當(dāng)然是為了證明文章的主旨。注意選擇項(xiàng)[D]中never表達(dá)的意思過(guò)于絕對(duì),仔細(xì)研究第一段第二句和最后一段,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們用了are very likely這樣的措辭。

        25. Intelligence tests showed that .

        [A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy

        [B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence

        [C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults

        [D] when talented children grow into adults,they made low scores

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[C]是正確答案。本題提問(wèn)的是調(diào)查的發(fā)現(xiàn),這和作者的觀點(diǎn)是一致的,只要比較一下選擇項(xiàng)[C]與原文第一段第二句和最后一段的措辭就一目了然了。

        第二類 具體模式如下:

        提出問(wèn)題 (以否定的形式) 指出問(wèn)題存在何處 得出結(jié)論

        可見(jiàn),第二類與第一類結(jié)構(gòu)相似。提出問(wèn)題、論述問(wèn)題、得出結(jié)論所采用的方式也相似。不同處在于:

        1. 該類文章是批評(píng)或指責(zé)性的,因此,提出問(wèn)題部分多直接表示批評(píng)或指責(zé)。

        2. 論據(jù)部分一般用于指出不良現(xiàn)象的存在及其存在的原因。

        3. 結(jié)論部分通??梢允牵?/p>

        (1)對(duì)如何改進(jìn)現(xiàn)狀提出建議;

        (2)指出什么是正確的看法/認(rèn)識(shí)/做法;

        (3)指出問(wèn)題存在的根本原因;

        (4)指出將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生的后果。

        第三類 具體模式如下:

        提出問(wèn)題(涵蓋兩三方面) 論述第一方面 論述第二方面…… 總結(jié)(涵蓋上文提到的方面)

        【例2】

        Modern mass-production methods lower the cost of making goods,and thus give us better values. At the same time, American ingenuity science are constantly at work improving the quality of products. In this way,better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.

        As an example of how this works,when facial tissues were first put on the market in 1924,they were made in limited quantities and sold at 65 cents per box of 200. People liked these facial tissues immediately and began asking for them when they went into different stores. Because there was such a demand for the product,manufacturers were making tissues in greater quantities,their production cost were lowered,so that the cost of tissues went down. In the meanwhile, the quality of facial tissues was constantly improving,because more manufacturers went into the business of making tissues,and each manufacturer strove to make his product better than his competitors. Today,instead of costing 65 cents,a box of 200 facial tissues costs are around one-third of that price,and they are both softer and stronger.

        When people are free to compete - when they are free to make more things and make them better - everyone benefits.

        【綜合分析】本文第一段第一句提出第一方面:數(shù)量方面;第二句提出第二方面:質(zhì)量方面;第三句從這兩方面進(jìn)行了概括。第二段是一個(gè)例子,也談到了兩方面,與第一段相照應(yīng)。第二段最后一句也從兩方面進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。第三段再?gòu)倪@兩方面結(jié)論全文。

        該文的論述圍繞兩個(gè)主線:

        第一方面——數(shù)量:需求的增長(zhǎng) → 產(chǎn)量的增加 → 成本的下降 → 價(jià)格的下降

        第二方面——質(zhì)量:制造商之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) → 質(zhì)量的上升

        1. In regard to the production of goods in greater quantities,the author states that the .

        [A] price of goods should rise

        [B] price of goods should drop

        [C] quality and price should both rise

        [D] quality should rise and the price should drop

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[B]是正確答案。從本題的提問(wèn)來(lái)看,該題提問(wèn)的是第一方面——數(shù)量方面,因此,答案應(yīng)該圍繞第一方面回答。而不應(yīng)該從兩方面回答,因此選擇項(xiàng)[D]是不對(duì)的。

        2. When manufacturers of facial tissues discovered how to produce tissues for less money,they reduced the .

        [A] quality so as to earn even greater profits

        [B] price a consumer must pay for their product

        [C] profits they anticipated from sales

        [D] standards of the entire industry

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[B]是正確答案。同第一題一樣,該題提問(wèn)的也是數(shù)量方面,答案也應(yīng)該圍繞第一方面去找。

        3. Improved quality of facial tissues resulted from .

        [A] mass-production methods

        [B] popular demand for a better product

        [C] competition among manufacturers

        [D] a decrease in price

        【分析】選擇項(xiàng)[C]是正確答案。該題與第一、第二題形成鮮明的對(duì)比,提問(wèn)的是第二方面——質(zhì)量方面,正如第二段所指出的,質(zhì)量的提高是由制造商間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成的。

        第四類 具體模式如下:

        引子 提出問(wèn)題 論述問(wèn)題 結(jié)論問(wèn)題

        可見(jiàn),這類文章與第一、第二類實(shí)質(zhì)上是一類。不同的是:這類文章不直接提出自己的觀點(diǎn)或直接進(jìn)入要論述的問(wèn)題,而是在此前援用他人的觀點(diǎn)或?qū)嵗齺?lái)引出自己的觀點(diǎn)或旨在說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。我們之所以要把它單列一類,是因?yàn)椴簧倏忌?jīng)常產(chǎn)生誤解,錯(cuò)到第一段中去尋找文章的主旨。

        二、應(yīng)用文

        應(yīng)用文近兩年也有所選用,現(xiàn)將常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用文舉例并分析如下。這里不再做詳細(xì)分類。

        一篇調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告往往包括下列幾部分:

        提出要調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)的問(wèn)題 調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象描述 調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程描述 調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與發(fā)現(xiàn) 對(duì)調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與發(fā)現(xiàn)的分析指出調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義

        這幾部分出現(xiàn)次序的具體安排可以有所不同,報(bào)告的結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)必要千篇一律。

        調(diào)查/實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告至今尚未考到,現(xiàn)從別處援用二例加以分析??忌梢宰约簩ふ乙恍├泳毩?xí)。

        三、 書(shū)評(píng)

        書(shū)評(píng)往往包括以下部分:

        書(shū)中所涉及領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r(主要問(wèn)題) 書(shū)的作者的主要觀點(diǎn)或?qū)懽髂康?書(shū)的主要寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn) 書(shū)的結(jié)構(gòu)(章節(jié)安排及其意義)

        應(yīng)該指出的是,這些部分在文中的位置可以根據(jù)個(gè)人的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格而有所不同。

        四、新聞評(píng)論

        新聞評(píng)論在很多方面像一篇議論文,例如:在新聞評(píng)論中,寫(xiě)作者也首先提出要報(bào)道或評(píng)述的問(wèn)題或事件或人,然后再加以評(píng)述,最后概括全文。不同的是:

        1. 首先報(bào)道事件的發(fā)生過(guò)程。

        2. 寫(xiě)作者多不直接評(píng)述,而是援引相關(guān)人士的評(píng)論,所以,文章的結(jié)論很難一目了然。但是,眾所周知,援引什么樣的人的觀點(diǎn)往往表達(dá)寫(xiě)作者的思想傾向。

        3. 報(bào)道或評(píng)述的事件多帶有階段性,因此,常有“拭目以待”,“目前很難確定”等套語(yǔ)。

        在許多人看來(lái),新聞評(píng)論重視事實(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性,而將評(píng)論留給讀者,這其實(shí)是一種理想化的看法。新聞?dòng)浾咴趶?qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)報(bào)道的同時(shí),也有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地對(duì)所報(bào)道的事件進(jìn)行著評(píng)價(jià)。例如:

        1. 他要從采訪內(nèi)容或觀察的事件中選擇出重要的信息加以報(bào)道,這一選擇過(guò)程就帶有很大的主觀性。事實(shí)上,在一個(gè)人看來(lái)重要的在另一個(gè)人看來(lái)未必同樣重要。

        2. 在寫(xiě)作時(shí),新聞?dòng)浾咭獙?duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)充分利用:文章的“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”和結(jié)尾部分的充分利用會(huì)達(dá)到特殊效果。

        3. 記者通常有選擇地引用持不同觀點(diǎn)的人對(duì)事件的評(píng)價(jià),他所引用的人的觀點(diǎn)、引用同一觀點(diǎn)人的次數(shù)、文章中這些引用出現(xiàn)的位置等等都很重要,往往暗示了作者的傾向性,為讀者了解作者的觀點(diǎn)提供了依據(jù)。

        新聞評(píng)論的結(jié)構(gòu)通常包括五部分:

        部分 用途 出現(xiàn)位置

        標(biāo)題 指明內(nèi)容,引起關(guān)注 文章前

        導(dǎo)語(yǔ) 概括主要內(nèi)容及最重要的事實(shí),引起注意 第一段或第一句

        主體 具體說(shuō)明主題和事實(shí) 第一段或第一句后

        背景 對(duì)報(bào)導(dǎo)內(nèi)容的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展、環(huán)境等說(shuō)明、解釋 主體之后

        結(jié)尾 總結(jié)前文、闡明意義、加深印象 最后一句或最后一段

        可見(jiàn),就其整體結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看,新聞評(píng)論很像議論文。當(dāng)然,不同的記者對(duì)文章的處理可以有所不同,如:結(jié)尾部分可以不要,尤其是當(dāng)文章較短或作者認(rèn)為前文已經(jīng)將事件的發(fā)生和人們對(duì)這一事件的反應(yīng)交代清楚了的時(shí)候。但是,就大體結(jié)構(gòu)而言,記者一般遵循以上寫(xiě)作方式。

        以上分析為考生閱讀新聞評(píng)論體裁的文章提供了可參考的依據(jù)。

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