省略句在英語中的類型和用法
在英語語言中,為了使語言簡潔明了,重點突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變,這種語言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?,F(xiàn)就英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下:
省略句在英語中的類型和用法
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中:1)由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;2)由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;3)由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;4)由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句;5)由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應(yīng)遵循下面原則:
1) 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):(1) 連詞(as, as if , once)+ 名詞; (2) 連詞( though, whether , when)+形容詞;(3) 連詞(whether, as if ,while )+介詞短語;(4) 連詞(when , while , though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞; (5) 連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 過去分詞; (6) 連詞(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍曾經(jīng)是個工 人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤同志會談時,感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。
注意:
1) 當(dāng)從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過馬路時父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
2) 當(dāng)從句的主語是 it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定語從句中的省略
1) 一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
2)在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來代替,甚至還可省略。如:
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時 ,從句不能用 how 來引導(dǎo) ,應(yīng)該用that 或 in which ,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴H纾?/p>
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。