英語語法1知識講解(2)
英語語法1知識講解
每日英語語法1
1 according as,according to
1.1 這兩個(gè)詞組雖然相似,但它們的結(jié)構(gòu)和使用場合并不相同。according to表示"根據(jù)"、"按照";而according as表示"視乎",有depending及according to whether的意味。
According as是連詞詞組,其后接從句;according to 是介詞短語,其后接名詞。例:
The thermometer rises or falls according to the high or low temperature.寒暑表根據(jù)氣溫的高低而升降。 They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad.
給他們的賞罰將視乎他們工作的好壞來決定。
1.2 應(yīng)當(dāng)在此指出,在現(xiàn)代英語中,according as的句型結(jié)構(gòu)已很少有人使用,正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那樣:"This construction is not often heard today"。
下面是according to的例句:
According to the weather report,we shall have cold weather next week.
根據(jù)天氣報(bào)告,下星期天氣將要轉(zhuǎn)冷。
You should act according to circumstances.你們要隨機(jī)應(yīng)變。
1.3 According to有個(gè)同義短語,即 in accordance with,但它們的涵義有細(xì)微的區(qū)別,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)"根據(jù)„所言",后者則強(qiáng)調(diào)"與„要一致"。另外 in accordance with多用于正式場合,例如表示與一些原則、規(guī)律一致。例:
According to police report,five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday.
根據(jù)警方報(bào)告,昨天在九龍有五輛豪華汽車失竊。
We must proceed in accordance with the rules.我們必須按照規(guī)章辦事。
That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar.那個(gè)句子不符合語法規(guī)則。
1.4 請注意,in accordance with 既可引導(dǎo) adverbial phrase,又可引導(dǎo)adjectival phrase作verb"to be"的補(bǔ)語(見上面 in accordance with的第一和第二個(gè)例句);according to則不能。例如,我們不能說: The news is according to Hong Kong’s broadcasting station.(錯(cuò))
1.5 另一點(diǎn)需要補(bǔ)充說明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同義,它們可以互換使用,但前者遠(yuǎn)不及后者用得普遍。英國學(xué)者F.T.Wood認(rèn)為,我們最好在強(qiáng)凋"與„一致"(agreement)的時(shí)候,用in accord with;在強(qiáng)調(diào)"服從"或"遵照執(zhí)行"(obeying or following)的涵義時(shí),用 in accordance with。例如: What he has done is not in accord with your instructions.
In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus.
2 admit,admit of
2.1 一般說來,admit表示"許入"、"進(jìn)入"(allow somebody or something to enter)或"承認(rèn)"(acknowledge)的意義;admit of則表示"容許"(allow of)或"容有"(leave room for)之意。例如:
This ticket admits one person only.此券只準(zhǔn)一人入場。
I admitted him to the lecture.我準(zhǔn)許他入內(nèi)聽講。
He has admitted the fact.他已承認(rèn)此事。
This matter admits of no delay.此事刻不容緩。
This word admits of several interpretations.這個(gè)詞可作幾種解釋。
2.2 Admit的主語既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主語只可以是沒有生命的事物。例如,我們不能說: I can’t admit of your doing it,而只能說:I can’t allow you to do it。又如,不可以說:He can admit of no question,而應(yīng)該說:His veracity admits of no question(他的誠信是勿容置疑的)。
2.3 值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名詞,它們都有"準(zhǔn)入"之意,但使用場合不同。一般說來,admittance用于直義,即指準(zhǔn)許某人進(jìn)入某一場所;admission則大都用于比喻意,指準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入的權(quán)利、入場費(fèi)或入會(huì)費(fèi)而言。因此,"入場券"譯作admission ticket,不譯作admittance ticket。"如非公事,不得擅進(jìn)(非請勿進(jìn))"則譯作 No admittance except on business?,F(xiàn)將這兩個(gè)詞作一比較:
They refused him admittance when he arrived.他抵達(dá)時(shí)他們拒絕他入場。
They granted him admission.他門準(zhǔn)許他入會(huì)。
此外,admit用作解"承認(rèn)"時(shí),之后可以接動(dòng)名詞或從句,但不能接動(dòng)詞不定式。例如: He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以說:He admits to have seen the book。
2.4 在現(xiàn)代英語中,有時(shí)我們可以看到 admit to這么一個(gè)短語,其義相當(dāng)于confess to (承認(rèn)),例如: In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime.
雖然所有證據(jù)都對她不利,但是她拒絕承認(rèn)犯了罪。
有些西方學(xué)者認(rèn)為,admit to 并不是地道的英語,最好避免使用。
2.5 與之類似區(qū)別的詞語有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是"許可"(permit);后者的意思是"容有„余地"(leave room for)。它們的用法與 admit和 admit of相同。
3 after,behind
After用作介詞時(shí),很易和另一介詞behind混淆不清,因?yàn)樗鼈兌急硎?quot;在„之后"的意思。它們的區(qū)別有以下幾點(diǎn):
(一)一般說來,after指時(shí)間的先后次序,意為"在„之后"(later in time than); behind指位置的前后,意為"在„后面"(in the rear of)。例如:
I shall be free after ten o’clock.十點(diǎn)之后我有空。
The national stadium is located behind the hill.國家運(yùn)動(dòng)場在山崗的后面。
(二)after常用以指順序,意為"跟在„之后"、"接著"、"接連"(in succession or next to in order); behind 則表示"隱匿在后"、"背著"或"遺留在后"之意。如:
After you,please!您先請!(出門或進(jìn)門時(shí)的客套用語)
You should put the direct object after the indirect object.你應(yīng)該把直接賓語放在間接賓語之后。 The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door.警察正在挨家挨戶地搜查劫匪。
Day after day and year after year„日復(fù)一日,年復(fù)一年„„。
Don’t stand behind the door.不要躲在門背后。
Don’t speak evil of a man behind his back.不要在背后說人壞話。
Who is behind the scenes?誰是幕后人?
Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them.那些走私客逃走時(shí)沒有留下任何痕跡。
(三)在某些場合下,after和behind可以互換使用,但涵義有所不同。如:
Shut the door after you.(1) Shut the door behind you.(2)
(1)句的意思是"隨手關(guān)門",after含有離開與關(guān)門兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后的意味;
(2)句的意思是"關(guān)上你背后的門",behind表示門的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的意味,正因?yàn)槿绱?,我們通常說:Don’t stand behind the door,而不說:Don’t stand after the door。
值得注意的是,在另一些場合下,after和behind 在互換使用后,其意并無區(qū)別可言。如:
The dog ran after its master. John came in after Alice. The dog ran behind its master. John came in behind Alice.
Behind除作介詞外,尚可用作副詞、名詞和形容詞; after除作介詞外,還可用作副詞、連詞和形容詞,由于不屬本書探討范圍之內(nèi),這里就不贅述。
4 alone,lone
4.1 這一對詞都有"單獨(dú)"、"孤單"(having no other person or thing nearby)之意,但用法有所不同。就詞性而言,alone既可作形容詞,又可作副詞;而lone只能作形容詞,不能作副詞。例如:
He is alone.(adj.) He live alone.(adv.) A lone bird flew past.(adj.)
4.2 用作形容詞時(shí),alone只能作表語;而lone一般只能作定語。例:
I am alone.(不能說: I am an alone person)我獨(dú)居。
She wants to make a lone flight.她想單獨(dú)飛行。
4.3 在現(xiàn)代英語里,alone和lone跟lonely涵義不同,前二者只表示"單獨(dú)",沒有感情色彩,但后者則表示"孤單、寂寞"的感受。例:
Though I was alone in Hong Kong,I did not feel lonely.雖然我獨(dú)居香港,但是我并不感到寂寞。 The lone traveller led a lonely life.那獨(dú)行客過著寂寞的人生。
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