新托福閱讀題型解析之填表題技巧
眾所周知托福閱讀考試當(dāng)中有10大類(lèi)題型，除了圖表題近年來(lái)很少看到之外，其它9類(lèi)題型在考試的都是會(huì)出現(xiàn)的。如果你在托福備考的過(guò)程當(dāng)中對(duì)于這些題型沒(méi)有了解其它結(jié)構(gòu)以及解題方法，那么對(duì)于你的托福閱讀考試提分是非常不利的。這里小編為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀填表題解題技巧，希望對(duì)大家有幫助。
新托福閱讀題型解析之填表題解題技巧
托福閱讀題型解析之填表題
這類(lèi)題型出現(xiàn)的較少，大家也可以了解一下。
OG中明確給出了本類(lèi)題目計(jì)分的原則。分類(lèi)填表題給出的表一般有2類(lèi)或者3類(lèi)組成;有四種情況：2類(lèi)5正確選項(xiàng);3類(lèi)5正確選項(xiàng);2類(lèi)7正確選項(xiàng);3類(lèi)7正確選項(xiàng)。對(duì)于有5個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)得題，一共值3分，答對(duì)5個(gè)得3分，答對(duì)4個(gè)得2分，答對(duì)3個(gè)得1分，答對(duì)2個(gè)或2個(gè)以下不得分;對(duì)于有7個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)的題，共值4分，答對(duì)7個(gè)得4分，答對(duì)6個(gè)得3分，答對(duì)5個(gè)得2分，答對(duì)4個(gè)得1分，答對(duì)3個(gè)或3個(gè)以下不得分。
這種題，無(wú)論是分成2類(lèi)還是3類(lèi)，都肯定是文章中明確給出的。而且應(yīng)該是文章寫(xiě)作的線(xiàn)索，是文章劃分結(jié)構(gòu)的依據(jù)。都有很明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)上的標(biāo)志，有助于區(qū)分開(kāi)。正確選項(xiàng)，一般都在文中以小列舉的形式出現(xiàn)，只要把握了文章結(jié)構(gòu)，選出來(lái)并不困難。我認(rèn)為這種題比較容易。練習(xí)幾次就能找到竅門(mén)，應(yīng)該好好把握這種肥而不膩的題。
托福閱讀題最重要的是找到閱讀段的主題句，分析出出題者的意圖，然后根據(jù)文章關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行答題。考生在做托福閱讀題的時(shí)候需要重視開(kāi)頭段，結(jié)尾段和過(guò)渡段，在這三
個(gè)地方，一般會(huì)包含著托福閱讀段的真實(shí)題義。
托福閱讀解題技巧之表格題目
IBT閱讀中的表格題是新題型，同時(shí)在IBT聽(tīng)力部分也出現(xiàn)了。與聽(tīng)力部分不同的是，IBT閱讀部分的表格題既包括了對(duì)全文重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的發(fā)問(wèn)又包括了對(duì)全文主題和結(jié)論發(fā)問(wèn)。它們以對(duì)比表格和總結(jié)表格的形式出現(xiàn)。相對(duì)于聽(tīng)力表格題來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀部分的難度系數(shù)更大一些。在IBT閱讀的3篇文章中有兩個(gè)此類(lèi)問(wèn)題，且通常是文章最后一道題目，為2分。
一、表格題分為兩大類(lèi)：總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題。
1、總結(jié)表格題
相對(duì)而言， 總結(jié)表格題的出現(xiàn)頻率要高于對(duì)比表格題，這是由它們自身特點(diǎn)，出題方式和原文是否具備對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系這三方面的因素決定的。
2、題的出題模式有兩種：
一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題，答案由全文的主題，細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題，答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題，段落結(jié)論，以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。這里我們重點(diǎn)看第一種出題模式。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子，
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.
托福閱讀填入表格題出題思路解析
我們?cè)谧鐾懈ｉ喿x的時(shí)候，會(huì)碰到這樣一種題型：
Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.
這種題型ETS稱(chēng)之為填入表格題，別名對(duì)號(hào)入座題，這類(lèi)題型大多出現(xiàn)于整體架構(gòu)有分類(lèi)或?qū)Ρ鹊奈恼轮?，與文章小結(jié)題不會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，屬于互斥，但與文章小結(jié)題非常類(lèi)似，都出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一題，題干相對(duì)固定，填入表格題不僅考察學(xué)生對(duì)主體信息與細(xì)節(jié)信息的區(qū)分能力，還考察學(xué)生對(duì)不同信息分類(lèi)填入表格的能力。一般是七選五的題目，五個(gè)全正確，滿(mǎn)分三分，四個(gè)正確得兩分，三個(gè)正確得一分，兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以下，沒(méi)有分，也就是你全做對(duì)了，性?xún)r(jià)比會(huì)很高，就做對(duì)兩個(gè)或一個(gè)，浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間還沒(méi)有分，不如不做，很悲催是吧，很多同學(xué)一碰到填入表格題就頭疼，覺(jué)得找不到地方，信息點(diǎn)又很瑣碎，回原文定位時(shí)間需求量比較大，所以得到滿(mǎn)分的情況不多，那我們有沒(méi)有什么方法可以縮減做題時(shí)間并提升正確率呢?先從出題思路說(shuō)起。
首先我們先來(lái)分析一下填入表格題的題目特點(diǎn)，七選五或五選三，再對(duì)號(hào)入座，換句話(huà)說(shuō)，必定有兩個(gè)多余的選項(xiàng)是不能跟給出的表格匹配的，那我們?cè)谧鲱}的時(shí)候可以先排除掉這兩個(gè)無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)，再進(jìn)行信息匹配，那怎樣一眼就可以排除掉呢，看主體，主體一致的保留，不一致的直接排除，舉個(gè)例子：
Directions: Complete the table below by matching THERE of the five answer choices with the ways advances supported agriculture and the military.
A. They were the first to invent the wheel.
B. The Sumerians were the first to use writing.
C. The stars told when it was time to plant.
D. The wheel was used for carts in battle.
E. Writing kept track of food storage.
Sumerian Civilization
The Sumerians made many advances. They first improved agriculture. They later established a military. The Sumerians are thought to have invented the wheel. It was first used for pottery, which was essential for storing crops. Then it was used for grinding grain. Last, it was then used for farm and military vehicles. Sumerians were the first to use writing and math, even before the Egyptians. This helped them organize their society. These systems were used to keep track of food storage and trade. The military used it to keep track of men, weapons, and supplies. They were the first to study the stars and sun in a serious way. It helped them tell time so they could decide when to plant crops. A way of reading the stars also helped them plan when to attack their enemies. They believed that the state could speak of their success or failure.
解析：先看題目，要求五選三，分別選出支持agriculture和 military，這兩個(gè)單詞大家都不陌生，指農(nóng)業(yè)和軍事，那我們選的選項(xiàng)得跟這兩方面對(duì)應(yīng)，謹(jǐn)記這一點(diǎn)，我們看選項(xiàng)，A中陳述他們最先發(fā)明輪子，沒(méi)寫(xiě)作用，說(shuō)跟農(nóng)業(yè)和軍事有關(guān)嗎?無(wú)關(guān)，排除;B中陳述他們最先使用寫(xiě)作，沒(méi)寫(xiě)影響，說(shuō)跟農(nóng)業(yè)和軍事有關(guān)嗎?無(wú)關(guān)，排除。排除了兩個(gè)無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)，下一步就是對(duì)號(hào)入座了，C中出現(xiàn)了plant，跟農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān)，D中出現(xiàn)了battle，跟軍事有關(guān)，五選三，農(nóng)業(yè)選二，軍事選一，那剩余的E項(xiàng)肯定是跟農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān)的了，而且E中出現(xiàn)了food，符合我們的選擇，我們已經(jīng)完全做對(duì)了題目，做題速度大有提高吧，看到這，可能有同學(xué)說(shuō)我們只看幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，那如果有關(guān)鍵詞但表述錯(cuò)誤怎么辦，這樣只看關(guān)鍵詞選擇是不是就不對(duì)了，這時(shí)要明白的是我們已經(jīng)把無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)排除掉了，也就是說(shuō)剩余的選項(xiàng)必定是相關(guān)的，必定也是正確的，這時(shí)候我們完全可以根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行信息匹配，再對(duì)號(hào)入座就能夠做對(duì)題目了。
然而，無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)我們能很快的挑出來(lái)，難就難在有時(shí)候每個(gè)選項(xiàng)好像都是相關(guān)，就是不確定對(duì)不對(duì)，這時(shí)候我們沒(méi)法先排除再對(duì)號(hào)入座，這時(shí)候就考察我們區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息的能力了，區(qū)分主要還是次要，就要看這個(gè)句子需不需要被論證，表格填入題一般出題點(diǎn)在文中出現(xiàn)對(duì)比的地方，這就要求我們?cè)陂喿x文章的時(shí)候要抓住哪些是對(duì)比之處，即不同點(diǎn)，最能彰顯兩者不同的特點(diǎn)也就是主要信息了。下面看例題：
Directions: Complete the table below by matching TWO of the five answers choices with the kinds of earthquakes.
A. Both shake like guitar strings.
B. Plates rub together and slip.
C. Plates crack in the middle.
D. Surface plates move.
E. Energy is released in waves.
An earthquake happens when the surface plate of our earth move. Sometimes the plates rub together. These are called interplate quakes. When there is a sudden slip between the plates, energy is released in the form of shock waves. Both plates shake like a guitar string when it is picked. Quakes can also happen when a crack in the middle of a plate forms. These are called intraplate quakes. They often surprise scientists because they happen in places that they do not ever expect earthquakes.
解析：對(duì)號(hào)入座一對(duì)一，題目簡(jiǎn)單，我們看看做題思路是怎樣的，一開(kāi)始不確定選項(xiàng)有關(guān)無(wú)關(guān)，那著重看文章中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)對(duì)比之處，已用藍(lán)色標(biāo)出，these，指代題，跟前面有關(guān)，兩者對(duì)比關(guān)系可以表示為：Sometimes the plates rub together--interplate quakes和 Quakes can also happen when a crack in the middle of a plate forms-- intraplate quakes。會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一個(gè)的關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)是rub together，第二個(gè)是crack in the middle of a plate forms，大體瀏覽一下所有選項(xiàng)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)B中出現(xiàn)rub together，屬于interplate quakes;C中出現(xiàn)crack in the middle，屬于 intraplate quakes，那我們就選出正確答案了，這時(shí)候選項(xiàng)A、D、E的對(duì)錯(cuò)已無(wú)關(guān)緊要了，因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇亲钅鼙憩F(xiàn)兩者不同之處的特點(diǎn)，也就無(wú)需再去考慮對(duì)錯(cuò)了。
通過(guò)這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例題，希望同學(xué)們能了解ETS對(duì)填入表格題的出題思路，用簡(jiǎn)單的思想去攻克復(fù)雜的題，這是明智的解題方法。填入表格題出現(xiàn)的頻率雖不如文章小結(jié)題高，但出現(xiàn)一次我們攻克一次，把性?xún)r(jià)比相當(dāng)高的填入表格題當(dāng)作送分的題目那是相當(dāng)爽的，希望同學(xué)們可以細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì)做題方法，仔細(xì)思考出題點(diǎn)，每做一次題就要有一次新收獲，最后祝大家考出好成績(jī)。
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