托福閱讀解題技巧：推斷題和細(xì)節(jié)題如何把握
托福考生對(duì)于托福閱讀中的推斷題和細(xì)節(jié)題都不陌生，這兩類題目是托福閱讀中比較容易混淆和做錯(cuò)的題目。大家在做這兩類的題目的時(shí)候要把握一定的托福閱讀解題技巧。下面我們來具體地分析一下這兩類題目。
托福閱讀解題技巧：推斷題和細(xì)節(jié)題如何把握?
一. 托福推斷題和細(xì)節(jié)題的異同
我們先來看看兩類題目的相同點(diǎn)，首先兩類題目都會(huì)涉及到原文內(nèi)容，都需要考生去原文中定位題目的相關(guān)信息，所以從做題的第一步來看，兩類題目比較相似。但是這兩類題目的做題方法卻不一樣。推斷題需要考生對(duì)文中信息總結(jié)分析，結(jié)合整篇文章的觀點(diǎn)找到最佳答案。細(xì)節(jié)題相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單一些，只要在原文中找到相應(yīng)內(nèi)容并且定位準(zhǔn)確，就能找到答案了。
二. 托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題技巧
細(xì)節(jié)題也被稱為事實(shí)信息題，大家在做題的時(shí)候只需要在原文對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容中找答案就可以了，不需要結(jié)合上下文去分析。那么如何才能又快有準(zhǔn)確地做對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)題呢?找關(guān)鍵詞!關(guān)鍵詞可以幫助我們迅速定位題目在原文中的位置。如果是一些直接以段落形式出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)題就不需要大家定位細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)位置，此時(shí)需要大家去對(duì)比選項(xiàng)和原文，快速找到段落中的同義句位置，篩選正確答案。給大家舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，小站托福官方真題Official第54套中第一篇閱讀文章第二題：
According to paragraph 1, all of the following characteristics of pine made it a desirable material for building in nineteenth-century America EXCEPT:
A. It was long lasting.
B. It was relatively easy to transport.
C. Its softness made it easy to work with.
D. It produced buildings that were especially attractive.
大家在做這道題的時(shí)候，要注意大寫的“EXCEPT”，也就是說要找到不包含的信息，我們要迅速在文章第一段定位同義句。下面是官方真題Official第54套第一段原文：
In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood. Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong(A), yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools(B).It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation(C). The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.
迅速定位選項(xiàng)同義句以后，我們就能找到答案了，正確答案是D。大家要不要被“Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.”這句話迷惑了，仔細(xì)分析后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，它和D選項(xiàng)表達(dá)的是完全不同的兩種意思。
三. 托福閱讀推斷題解題技巧
托福閱讀的推斷題比細(xì)節(jié)題更難一些，細(xì)節(jié)題只要找到原文中對(duì)應(yīng)的位置就可以了，但是推斷題卻需要大家結(jié)合文章主題做出正確推斷。我們先來說說怎么定義一道題是推斷題，其實(shí)推斷題往往題干中會(huì)包含“infer、suggest、imply、indicate”一些單詞。推斷題不僅需要快速定位，還需要大家能夠正確分析文中相關(guān)內(nèi)容，集合文章提供信息推理出合理選項(xiàng)。另外，推斷題還分為正向推斷和逆向推斷，正向推斷要找到相應(yīng)的句子關(guān)系，逆向推斷要找到相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，然后取反義。下面我們來看個(gè)具體的例子，仍然是以小站官方真題Official54套第一篇閱讀為例，第四題為推斷題：
What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about timber in America before the year 1860?
A. Farmers of the American West earned most of their income by selling timber to newly arrived settlers.
B. Timber came primarily from farmers who wished to supplement their income.
C. Timber was much more expensive before the year 1860 because it was less readily available.
D. Timber came primarily from large manufacturing companies in the East.
題干中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了推斷題非常明顯的標(biāo)志“inferred from”，另外題干中已經(jīng)標(biāo)明在第二段，那么我們就從第二段中來看。此時(shí)每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都要進(jìn)行具體的分析，A選項(xiàng)可以定位到文中“No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products.”所以農(nóng)民已經(jīng)不依靠銷售木料增加收入了，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)可以要通過逆向推斷來得知，原文中說到“1870年農(nóng)民不再通過木質(zhì)產(chǎn)品增加收入”，所以可推斷出木材來源主要在于一些農(nóng)民想要增加收入。C和D選項(xiàng)通過與原文內(nèi)容對(duì)比也都不符合原文中的意思。C選項(xiàng)原文中并未提及，D選項(xiàng)與B沖突，故為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。
考友分享托福閱讀做題教訓(xùn)
當(dāng)時(shí)做題一味想著掌握技巧，想著怎樣奪分，殊不知，好不容易拼來的分還抵不上因?yàn)榇中亩サ姆?，另人痛心，所以，我們不妨以退為攻，先改正自己易丟分的不良習(xí)慣或誤區(qū)，力求在保證不輕易失分的情況下去奪分、去沖刺!
教訓(xùn)一：諳練把握?？荚~匯
良多考生在經(jīng)由一段時(shí)刻的進(jìn)修后，發(fā)現(xiàn)托福語(yǔ)法并不難，每次做錯(cuò)題后一對(duì)謎底發(fā)現(xiàn)問題問題現(xiàn)實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，總有一種恍然年夜悟的感受，可是若干天往后又會(huì)再一次恍然年夜悟，走進(jìn)一個(gè)一而再、再而三犯同樣錯(cuò)誤的怪圈。原因是什么呢?
事理很簡(jiǎn)單：首先，考生對(duì)于常識(shí)點(diǎn)必定是懂的，否則在對(duì)謎底后就不會(huì)恍然年夜悟;其次，考生在做題時(shí)對(duì)考點(diǎn)涉及的?？荚~不敏感，視若無(wú)睹，根柢想不起來。所以考哨兵需諳練把握?？荚~匯，完美常識(shí)點(diǎn)。
教訓(xùn)二：細(xì)心應(yīng)對(duì)考試陷阱
在托福閱讀考試中語(yǔ)法得滿分的同窗并不在年夜都，良多考生經(jīng)常會(huì)很是遺憾地錯(cuò)了一兩個(gè)完全會(huì)做的問題問題。究其原因，不外乎兩個(gè)：其一、過于輕率，還沒看完A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)便做出了選擇，或者是在看到正確選項(xiàng)前就已落入了ETS設(shè)置的陷阱。
教訓(xùn)三：長(zhǎng)于找到自己的常識(shí)弱點(diǎn)
無(wú)論英語(yǔ)水平多高城市有常識(shí)盲點(diǎn)，有恍惚甚至完全不懂的處所。是以必然要長(zhǎng)于找到自己的常識(shí)弱點(diǎn)。
那么考生若何知道自己的常識(shí)盲點(diǎn)呢?最簡(jiǎn)單也是最根柢的體例就是做全真題。小編強(qiáng)烈建議考生籌備一個(gè)錯(cuò)題本，將自己每次托福閱讀備考做習(xí)題過程中做錯(cuò)的題全數(shù)抄到錯(cuò)題本上，然后在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)辰總結(jié)一下，看看自己輕易犯哪些錯(cuò)誤。
大家平時(shí)做閱讀題的時(shí)候要養(yǎng)成良好的做題習(xí)慣，盡量減少失分的機(jī)會(huì)，這樣的話更加實(shí)在，但這也是很多托?？忌雎缘姆矫?，大家要引起重視。
托福閱讀真題1
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington, in Seattle, engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environment — Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts — to advise them on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials, and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway, which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.
In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report, Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures amounting to ,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle's park system.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system
(B) The organization of the Seattle city government
(C) The history of the Olmsted Brothers architectural firm
(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus
2. The word engaged in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) trained
(B) hired
(C) described
(D) evaluated
3. The word subsequent in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) alternate
(C) later
(D) detailed
4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted
Brothers firm?
(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.
(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
5. Why does the author mention local parks and squares in lines 14 when talking about the
Olmsted plan?
(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan
(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan
(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received
the Olmsted Report?
(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.
(B) They ignored the Olmsted's findings.
(C) They supported the Olmsted's plans.
(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.
7. According to the passage , when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan
for the Seattle public park system?
(A) 1903
(B) 1907
(C) 1909
(D) 1913
8. The word sums in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) problems
(B) amounts
(C) services
(D) debts
9. According to the passage , which of the following was most directly influenced by the
Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition?
(A) The University of Washington
(B) Brookline, Massachusetts
(C) The mayor of Seattle
(D) The Seattle Parks Board
PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD
托福閱讀真題2
The term folk song has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music. The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Themes commonly found in folk music
(B) Elements that define folk music
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council
2. Which of the following statements about the term folk song is supported by the passage ?
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.
3. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) community
(B) song
(C) acceptance
(D) memory
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folk
song?
(A) It is constantly changing over time.
(B) It is passed on to other people by being performed.
(C) It contains complex musical structures.
(D) It appeals to many people.
5. The word subjected in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of the
following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time
(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song
7. According to the passage , why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?
(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.
(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.
(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.
8. The word essence in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because
(A) the original composer can be easily identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community
(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers
(D) the composers write the music in rural communities
PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA
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托福閱讀解題技巧：推斷題和細(xì)節(jié)題如何把握
