雅思寫(xiě)作：如何分清正式與非正式英語(yǔ)
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雅思寫(xiě)作：如何分清正式與非正式英語(yǔ)
一、正式英語(yǔ)
正式英語(yǔ)主要應(yīng)用于寫(xiě)作中。這種文體格式通常帶有學(xué)術(shù)性的寫(xiě)作口吻，通常見(jiàn)于學(xué)術(shù)課本，大學(xué)論文，商業(yè)信函和合同中。
在口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方面，正式英語(yǔ)通常只用于官方或正式場(chǎng)合，例如，在大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上正式歡迎來(lái)賓。
正式英語(yǔ)比日常用語(yǔ)使用更多的復(fù)雜詞匯。例如，正式用語(yǔ)常常比日常對(duì)話使用“更龐大”的詞匯。如以下幾個(gè)多音節(jié)詞compensate， ascend 和 interrogate。 正式用語(yǔ)還常常使用單個(gè)動(dòng)詞(如establish)來(lái)代替簡(jiǎn)單的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(如set up)。此外，在正式用語(yǔ)中還要盡量避免俚語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)的出現(xiàn)。
當(dāng)正式用語(yǔ)應(yīng)用于寫(xiě)作中時(shí)，句子通常較長(zhǎng)，較為復(fù)雜，也應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵循語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。正式寫(xiě)作中，通常較為客觀，經(jīng)常使用it這樣的非人稱代詞和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式。應(yīng)該盡量避免縮略語(yǔ)和縮寫(xiě)單詞的出現(xiàn)。
二、非正式英語(yǔ)和流行英語(yǔ)
非正式英語(yǔ)是大多數(shù)人們?nèi)粘Ｋf(shuō)的英語(yǔ)。非正式英語(yǔ)廣泛應(yīng)用于電子郵件和朋友書(shū)信中。
使用非正式英語(yǔ)的人們對(duì)詞匯的選擇不太在意，如：非正式英語(yǔ)使用很多較短的單詞(如fire， climb和 ask)，使用許多口語(yǔ)詞匯(如stuff， a lot of， thing和 sort of)，還很使用一些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(如使用set up ，而不用establish)。非正式英語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有正式英語(yǔ)要求嚴(yán)格，常使用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和比較松散的句子或短語(yǔ)。
在寫(xiě)作中，非正式英語(yǔ)比正式英語(yǔ)常常使用更加個(gè)人化的文體，常用第一，第二人稱(例如I ，you， we)?？s寫(xiě)單詞(如常常使用it's，而不是 it is)也常常見(jiàn)于非正式英語(yǔ)之中。而且，非正式英語(yǔ)比正式的寫(xiě)作句式通常更短。在正式英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，常常使用較為正式的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)---而避免分號(hào)(;)和冒 號(hào)(：)的出現(xiàn)，非正式英語(yǔ)則可以出現(xiàn)?！ ×餍杏⒄Z(yǔ)很少應(yīng)用于寫(xiě)作中，大多是用于口語(yǔ)之中。非正式英語(yǔ)中包括大量的俚語(yǔ)。俚語(yǔ)就是一些非正式的，在禮節(jié)性的演講和正式場(chǎng)合常常被看作不合適的單詞或短語(yǔ)表達(dá)。俚語(yǔ)常常由固定的社會(huì)團(tuán)體或職業(yè)人群使用。
三、關(guān)于短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
人們使用非正式英語(yǔ)談話或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)，經(jīng)常使用短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(也叫做多個(gè)單詞或多部分動(dòng)詞)。以下是幾組例子。括號(hào)中是其對(duì)應(yīng)的正式用語(yǔ)。 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和其對(duì)應(yīng)的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞
要求ask for (request)訂約go down with (contract)
建立set up (establish)處理deal with (handle) 發(fā)現(xiàn)find out (discover)欺騙take in (deceive)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在口語(yǔ)中較為常見(jiàn)。然而，比起其對(duì)應(yīng)的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不太正式。
在正式寫(xiě)作中，作者常常更傾向于使用單個(gè)動(dòng)詞，例如 examine和devise，而不使用短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如look at 和come up with。請(qǐng)對(duì)比下頁(yè)表格中的每對(duì)動(dòng)詞?！ ‰m然在正式英語(yǔ)中，傾向于使用較短的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但是如果真的使用了這些短于動(dòng)詞句子也不為錯(cuò)誤。然而，如果有比短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞更為簡(jiǎn)短的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞，最好使用單個(gè)動(dòng)詞。
不要認(rèn)為在雅思寫(xiě)作考試中使用多個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞會(huì)使文章不太正式。實(shí)際上，在許多情景之中---甚至是在非常正式的文體中---短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依然是確切表達(dá)文章主旨的方式。例如，put on 比起其更加正式的用語(yǔ)don來(lái)說(shuō)，更加自然貼切。
四、非正式用語(yǔ)較正式用語(yǔ)
他調(diào)查了(checked up on)他的會(huì)計(jì)。他調(diào)查了(investigated)他的會(huì)計(jì)。
他們?nèi)萑塘? put up with)鄰居們。他們?nèi)萑塘? tolerated)鄰居們。
她很快就理解了(caught on)。她很快就理解了(understood )。
為了彌補(bǔ)(made up for)它，她早早的睡了。為了彌補(bǔ)(compensated)它，她早早的睡了。
他發(fā)燒了( went down with)。他發(fā)燒了 (contracted )。
生活費(fèi)上升了(went up)。生活費(fèi)上升了(contracted)。
五、辨別不同
通常很容易的決定一個(gè)詞是正式用語(yǔ)還是非正式用語(yǔ)。非正式用語(yǔ)就是人們每天使用的那些共同的，普通和熟悉的詞，而正式用語(yǔ)則是更加“嚴(yán)肅”和較少常用的單詞。 通常，正式詞比非正式用語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)。單個(gè)動(dòng)詞比它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也較為正式。
例如，稱某件東西是極大的enormous是正式的，但是要說(shuō)whopping是不非正式的。象一方面on the one hand 或如上所示 as indicated above，這樣的詞組是正式的，但是，如順便說(shuō)一句by the way 或那提醒我that reminds me就是非正式的。
請(qǐng)注意：一些非正式單詞比其他一些非正式的單詞更為正式。例如，非正式用語(yǔ)understand，比非正式用語(yǔ)get更為正式。然而，二者均不如正式用語(yǔ)comprehend更加正式。
六、雅思考試使用半正式文體格式
學(xué)術(shù)文章可以使用“中間的或稍正式的文體格式”。這就意味您雅思學(xué)術(shù)文章寫(xiě)作中可以使用稍加正式的詞匯 (例如 ，可以使用spark off 而不用 cause 這樣的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)，還可以使用更加正式的用語(yǔ)?？梢允褂谜接⒄Z(yǔ)中常常使用的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法，也可以使用更加簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。
但是，越使用正式詞匯和更復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，雅思的考試得分就會(huì)越高。，例如，在詞匯方面，評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一就是---當(dāng)使用“不太普通”或“不普通”的 詞匯，也就是使用較正式的詞匯時(shí)，考生就會(huì)得到較高的分?jǐn)?shù)?？忌梢缘卿浺幌戮W(wǎng)址 http://tinyurl.com/4uddk 來(lái)查看詳細(xì)的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
這是我對(duì)參加雅思學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作考試的考生在使用詞匯方面的幾點(diǎn)建議：
如果使用一個(gè)更加正式的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞，比其相對(duì)應(yīng)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)更加貼切自然，最好使用正式的單個(gè)單詞。
避免使用個(gè)人化的或會(huì)話樣式的文體格式(聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像正同考官聊天)。因此，盡量不要使用詞，如I， me， my， you， we， us 和 our這樣的單詞。雖然這些單詞廣泛應(yīng)用于非正式用語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)中，通常認(rèn)為在正式的學(xué)術(shù)性寫(xiě)作中，這些單詞太過(guò)個(gè)人化，太過(guò)隨意。
如果考生愿意，考生可以使用代詞I來(lái)發(fā)表自己的看法。但是，在開(kāi)篇和文章結(jié)尾使，盡量避免I的出現(xiàn)。這樣，考生就可以避免使自己的文章太過(guò)個(gè)人化，具有太多的會(huì)話風(fēng)格。
雅思寫(xiě)作真題：charity organization
Some people believe that charity organizations should give the aid to those who are in great needs, some people think that charity organizations should concentrate on helping people who live in their own country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (抽象類)
Introduction
Background – theme – view
Charity organization
什么是慈善組織，它的目的是什么，它的作用是什么，什么時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)于慈善組織的討論?
When people suffer some natural disasters and are confronted with difficulties, they may expect the aid from others, especially charity organizations. However, there is an opinion that charity organizations should help people of their own country instead of giving aid to whoever in need. From my perspective, the aid should be given to those in need regardless of their nationality.
Natural disasters, war or social turmoil, all these factors may render people fall into poverty and diseases. The rise of charity organizations is associated with the emergence of these disasters. They relieve people from great sufferings and give people in need hope of survival. However, there is an opinion that aid from charities should only be given to people living in their countries while others think that charity should benefit all people. I tend to believe the latter is of more justification.
Body 1: why we should give help to those in great needs? What is the responsibility of charity organizations?
To help those in great needs is a reflection of moral obligation/duty for human beings.(意義) And this practice of helping others will have numerous/many positive effects involving/including promoting economic development and enhancing social harmony. (影響和作用)Meanwhile, the aid from charity organizations may cover a wide range of people and may be more transparent. However, there are some disadvantages of charity organizations. The money donated by charity organizations may be taken away by local officials and cannot reach those who are really in need. What’s more, charity organizations tend to give aid to those areas which are frequently reported by the media. This will cause regional imbalance or even regional conflict.
Body 2: whether aid from charities should only be given to local people?
As for those who advocate that aid for charity organization should be given to people living in their own country, I hold conservative attitude. There is no denying that it is more effective for charity organizations to give aid to local people. However, how to
ensure fairness/equality among different peoples is the priority for charities. Fair distribution of resources and aid is an objective reflection of human virtues. (反證)If every individual or every organization just focus on their own interest, the world will become indifferent and unfriendly.
In conclusion, charity organization should give aid to people who are in great need without considering their social background, their nationality and something irrelevant. However, the aid should be supervised and monitored by some independent organizations for fear of corruption or embezzlement. / However, the aid should be controlled or supervised by some dependent organizations so that it can reach the targeted people.
雅思寫(xiě)作：Environmental Protection
Environmental hazards are often too great for particular countries or individuals to tackle. We have arrived at a point in time where the only way to lessen environmental problems is at an international level.
Environmental problems have reached such proportions that people feel international organizations must be set up to intervene in world affairs to resolve these problems. Whether this will resolve the problem is very unlikely as international organizations are just an extension of human behavior. That is, if human conflicts cannot be resolved at home, then they are unlikely to be resolved at the international level. Nevertheless, international organizations do attract attention to the growing problem of aims of the international community to resolve the issue of environmental pollution and support their cause, I do not believe it is the best or only way to protect the environment; in fact, it is only a small part of what is needed in a global initiative.
All world problems, whether it is environmental pollution, war, energy insufficiency, or famine, arise from the abusive behavior of all individuals. Therefore, the solution to all these problems is the need for a collective consciousness. What is meant by this is that each individual must be aware of the impact he or she has on the world and their unique part to play in this world. After all, if one is happy with his life, he will surely not endeavor to harm the environment or anyone else. His behavior will be that of a responsible individual.
What is needed, therefore, is education. Education is the key to all problems and it starts from pregnancy all the way to adulthood and beyond. Furthermore, education means that children all over the world should be allowed to go to schools with good teachers and where teaching materials and methods can be adapted to each individual. Education means raising children to be responsible individuals.
This may sound like utopia, but it is not: if a country had important problems in its educational system, then it should realize that it is contributing to the world’s problems. These are perhaps long term solutions, but they are more realistic solutions than setting up yet another international organization.
雅思寫(xiě)作范文Tourism
Pros and Cons of Tourism
Pros:
1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.
2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.
3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.
4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.
5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.
6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.
7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce.
8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding.
9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.
10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.
Cons:
1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.
2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.
3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.
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