托福閱讀中常用固定搭配及句子擴(kuò)展
托福考試前大家要注意平時(shí)多積累，幫助大家擴(kuò)展托福詞匯積累，下面小編為大家整理了托福閱讀中常用固定搭配及句子擴(kuò)展，幫助大家掌握和理解這些固定搭配的使用方法，供大家積累和學(xué)習(xí)，跟著小編一起來(lái)看看。
托福閱讀中常用固定搭配及句子擴(kuò)展
For the past+ 時(shí)間，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...(過(guò)去...年來(lái)，...一直...)
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
過(guò)去兩年來(lái)，我一直忙著準(zhǔn)備考試。
Since + S + 過(guò)去式，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自從他上高中，他一直很用功。
It pays to + V ~ (...是值得的。)
例句：It pays to help others.
幫助別人是值得的。
be based on (以...為基礎(chǔ))
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社會(huì)的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。
Spare no effort to + V (不遺余力的)
例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我們應(yīng)該不遺余力的美化我們的環(huán)境。
bring home to + 人 + 事 (讓...明白...事)
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白努力的價(jià)值。
be closely related to ~~ (與...息息相關(guān))
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做運(yùn)動(dòng)與健康息息相關(guān)。
be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考試迫在眉睫，我不得不放棄做運(yùn)動(dòng)。
It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)
It is obvious that + 句子 (明顯的)
It is apparent that + 句子 (顯然的)
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知識(shí)在我們的一生中扮演一個(gè)重要的角色。
That is the reason why ~ (那就是...的原因)
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it.
夏天很燠熱。那就是我不喜歡它的原因。
For the past+ 時(shí)間，S + 現(xiàn)在完成式...(過(guò)去...年來(lái)，...一直...)
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)之虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)與化學(xué)療法
Grapefruit， orange and apple juices can harm the body's ability to absorb certain medications and make the drugs less effective， said a Canadian study released last week in the United States.
上周在美國(guó)發(fā)表的一篇加拿大研究報(bào)告指出，柚子汁、橙汁、蘋(píng)果汁會(huì)損害身體吸收某些藥物的功能，從而降低藥物的功效。
The research showed that these juices can decrease the effectiveness of certain drugs used to treat heart disease， cancer， organ-transplant rejection and infection， "potentially wiping out their beneficial effects，" it said.
此研究表明，這些果汁會(huì)降低某些治療心臟病、癌癥、以及器官移植排斥和傳染的藥物的效力，并潛在抵消藥物有益的作用。
David Bailey， a professor of clinical pharmacology with the University of Western Ontario and leader of the study， was the first researcher to identify grapefruit juice's potential to increase the absorption of certain drugs two decades ago， possibly turning some doses toxic.
這次研究的負(fù)責(zé)人，西安大略大學(xué)的臨床藥理學(xué)專家大衛(wèi)·貝利，已于兩十年前首次證實(shí)了柚子汁可能會(huì)增加某種藥物的吸收，并可能形成一些有毒的物質(zhì)。
The new findings came as part of his continuing research on the subject， and were presented at the 236th annual meeting of the American Chemical Society on Philadelphia， Pennsylvania.
這個(gè)新的發(fā)現(xiàn)作為他在這個(gè)專題持續(xù)研究的一部分，在賓夕法尼亞州費(fèi)城的美國(guó)化學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)第236屆的年會(huì)上發(fā)表。
"Recently， we discovered that grapefruit and these other fruit juices substantially decrease the oral absorption of certain drugs undergoing intestinal uptake transport，" AFP quoted Bailey as saying.
“最近，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)柚子汁和其他果汁大大地減少了某些口服藥物在腸道內(nèi)攝入轉(zhuǎn)移的量?！敝С重惱腁FP如是說(shuō)。
"The concern is loss of benefit of medications essential for the treatment of serious medical conditions."
“真正的擔(dān)憂是藥物失去了其對(duì)于治療某些嚴(yán)重病情的本質(zhì)療效?！?/p>
Healthy volunteers took fexofenadine， an antihistamine used to fight allergies， along with either a glass of grapefruit juice， a glass of water with naringin (which gives the bitter taste to grapefruit juice)， or plain water.
健康的志愿者服用一種治療過(guò)敏癥的抗組織胺藥fexofenadine，并分別用一杯柚子汁、泡柚皮甙的水(此種水會(huì)使柚子汁的味道更苦)和白開(kāi)水送服。
Those who drank the grapefruit juice absorbed only half the amount of fexofenadine， compared to those who drank plain water.
那些用柚子汁送服的對(duì)fexofenadine的吸收量?jī)H為那些用純水送服的人的一半。
Researchers said the water with naringin served to block "a key drug uptake transporter， called OATP1A2， involved in shuttling drugs from the small intestine to the bloodstream."
研究者說(shuō)，喝了泡有柚皮甙的水會(huì)阻礙一種叫做OATP1A2的關(guān)鍵的藥物輸送物質(zhì)，該物質(zhì)可以幫助藥物從小腸轉(zhuǎn)移至血液中。
Among the drugs affected by consumption of grapefruit， orange and apple juices are： etoposide， an anticancer agent; beta blockers (atenolol， celiprolol， talinolol) used to treat high blood pressure and prevent heart attacks; and certain antibiotics (ciprofloxacin， levofloxacin， itraconazole). More drugs were expected to be added to the list as the research continued.
受柚子，橙子，和蘋(píng)果汁影響的藥物有：抗癌作用劑依托泊苷;用來(lái)治療高血壓和防止心臟病發(fā)作的β-受體阻滯藥(阿替洛爾，塞替洛爾，他林洛爾);某些抗生素(環(huán)丙沙星，氧氟沙星，伊曲康唑)。隨著研究的進(jìn)行將會(huì)有更多的藥物加入到這個(gè)列表中。
Bailey said patients should consult with a doctor about taking medications with juice， and stick to plain water when taking most medications.
貝利說(shuō)病人用果汁送服藥物時(shí)應(yīng)咨詢醫(yī)生的意見(jiàn)，并且服用大多數(shù)藥物時(shí)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持用白開(kāi)水送服。
1. 貓cat一詞來(lái)自古英語(yǔ)catt，威爾士語(yǔ)叫做cath，西班牙語(yǔ)是gato，法語(yǔ)叫chat，德語(yǔ)則是kat，他們都源于拉丁語(yǔ)catus、 cattus或者catta，表示家貓domestic cat，相應(yīng)野貓wildcat的拉丁語(yǔ)就是feles。英文里常常把cat叫做pussycat，就跟我們把貓叫做貓咪一樣吧?日語(yǔ)的貓讀作ねこ neko。
2. 一只貓叫做cat，一群貓要叫什么?有個(gè)專用詞叫做clowder，比方clowders of cats，還能用cludder或者clutter。男貓叫做tom哦，原來(lái)《貓和老鼠》里頭那只不是隨便叫的;可要是被閹割過(guò)的公貓就要叫做gib了。母貓叫做molly或者queen，女王誒!小貓咪大家都知道叫做kitten，在英國(guó)叫catling。
3. 古埃及人對(duì)于貓有著特別的敬畏，因?yàn)榕馚astet巴蒂斯特往往以貓的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn);而北歐愛(ài)與美的女神弗蕾亞Freyja所乘的戰(zhàn)車(chē)是兩只貓拉動(dòng)的。很多古老的宗教認(rèn)為貓擁有高貴的靈魂exalted souls;而很多文化認(rèn)為貓多命multiple lives。日本的招財(cái)貓招き貓まねきねこManeki Neko是財(cái)富的象征。
4. 和貓有關(guān)的習(xí)語(yǔ)好些個(gè)都涉及發(fā)怒。
壞脾氣的人，能用a bag of cats表示，想來(lái)一袋子貓可不是很抓狂嘛?舉例：My boss was a bag of cats yesterday. 老板昨天發(fā)飆了唉。
同時(shí)hellcat特指發(fā)怒的女人，而have kittens也表示易怒，因?yàn)橹惺兰o(jì)孕婦要是脾氣暴，會(huì)被認(rèn)為是中了巫術(shù)懷上貓崽撓肚子。
5. 貓狗詞組必定大戰(zhàn)。
fight like cats and dogs就表示吵得昏天黑地。
同樣live a cat and dog life就是三天一小吵五天一大吵;
cat-and-dog就是愛(ài)吵架的。
raining cats and dogs下貓下狗表示下大雨，因?yàn)楣肥秋L(fēng)神奧丁的侍從，貓是大雨的象征。
6. 貓貓身體上的各個(gè)部分也能表達(dá)有趣的含義：
cat-eyed貓眼表示晚上也看得見(jiàn);
cat's foot或者cat's paw貓爪表示被人利用成為傀儡;
cat o'nine tails是一種分好多頭兒的鞭子;
catlap貓貓?zhí)騽t是很淡的茶或者牛奶;
catnap表示小睡一會(huì)兒;
cat's meow、cat's pajamas和cat's whiskers都是出類(lèi)拔萃的意思!
7. 說(shuō)到貓，當(dāng)然也少不了老鼠……
A cat in gloves catches no mice. 戴手套的貓老鼠抓不到-意思是為達(dá)到目的可不能太斯文客氣;
Keep no more cats that catch mice. 能抓老鼠的貓才養(yǎng)著-就是說(shuō)別跟吃干飯的人來(lái)往;
When the cat's away， the mice will play. 山中無(wú)老虎猴子稱大王。
8.各種各樣的貓代表著各種各樣的人：
alley cat胡同里的貓就是流浪貓，wildcat其實(shí)是野生的貓啦。
cool cat是時(shí)尚前衛(wèi)的人，多指男性;
hep cat本來(lái)表示爵士樂(lè)迷，現(xiàn)在也有酷炫的意思;
copycat就是山寨假冒;
fat cat是權(quán)貴之人;
tomcat雄貓也有花花公子的意思;
glamour puss是光彩照人的女子。
9. 貓貓的各種行為也成了諺語(yǔ)的一部分
fight like Kilkenny cats就是我們中文里頭的兩敗俱傷，Kilkenny是愛(ài)爾蘭的小鎮(zhèn)，無(wú)聊的士兵會(huì)斗貓，直到雙方自相殘殺，太殘酷了，會(huì)有報(bào)應(yīng)的!
enough to make a cat laugh表示某事好笑得讓貓都笑了;
like a cat on hot bricks熱磚上的貓咪，有點(diǎn)像熱鍋上的螞蟻，表示很緊張神經(jīng)質(zhì)……
10. 地獄貓和好奇貓
As much chance as a wax cat in hell，意思是根本就沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì);
這句話還可以說(shuō)成"not have a cat in hell's chance" ：
eg. They haven't a cat in hell's chance of getting over the mountain in weather like this。
在這種天氣里，他們根本沒(méi)機(jī)會(huì)翻越這座山。
Curiosity killed the cat，好奇殺死貓，是一句再熟悉不過(guò)的諺語(yǔ)。它原意是要提醒人們謹(jǐn)慎小心。
11. 很多和貓相關(guān)的諺語(yǔ)都和名著有關(guān)
Grinning like a cheshire cat，“笑得像只柴郡貓” 意思就是說(shuō)傻笑，這句話在《愛(ài)麗絲夢(mèng)游仙境》中得到了絕妙的體現(xiàn)——想想那只柴郡貓，不是一直在笑嗎?
Dog my cats，一句輕微的咒罵，跟"damn it!"意思差不多，中文大可譯為“喵了個(gè)咪”。歐亨利在《一只黃狗的記憶》中提到過(guò)。
12. 不提到“貓”這個(gè)詞，同樣可以和貓有關(guān)
Rub someone's fur the wrong way，“反摸貓毛”，意思是激怒某人;
Make the fur fly，“讓毛飛起來(lái)”，意思是開(kāi)始一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)斗;
I smell a rat，“聞到了老鼠的味道”，意思是覺(jué)察到什么秘密。
托福閱讀背景之深海生物的生存
Once it seemed that the ocean floor was a desert of darkness. As everyone knew， sunlight was what made life possible by fueling photosynthesis， and sunlight can penetrate only the first few hundred yards of the ocean’s great depths. Lower， a few creatures might still eke out a living by scrounging the organic detritus that drifts down from the surface of the sea. But thousands of feet down， in the utter blackness at the ocean’s bottom， there could be practically nothing.
Then， in 1977， underwater explorers discovered that there was in fact something， and quite a lot of it. At mid-ocean ridges， where new ocean floor rises up as molten rock from Earth’s interior， where cold seawater mixes with the rising magma and， heated to 650 degrees， spews back up through chimney-shaped hydrothermal vents， researchers stumbled across bustling ecosystems. Clinging to the sides of the chimneys were thick white mats of bacteria; around them were eight-foot-long stalk-shaped worms， rocking in the water， while eyeless shrimp seethed around the chimneys like maggots. All were thriving on the energy bound up in the vents’ sulfur compounds. The seafloor might still be dark， but now it was known to be dotted with gardens.
In just the past eight years， however， underwater explorers have discovered that this picture is still incomplete： there is light at the bottom of the sea. Hydrothermal vents glow， and while the light is too faint to be perceived by the human eye， that hardly means it is without significance. Physicists maintain that although some of the light may be created by the intense heat， much of it must be attributed to some as-yet- unknown process. Biologists， meanwhile， say there is sufficient light at these vents for photosynthesis to take place. Researchers can’t say yet whether any creatures are actually living off this light， but if they are， they will represent the first known instance of natural photosynthesis without sunlight. The evolutionary implications may run deeper： it’s possible not only that this deep light is fueling photosynthesis now， but that， 3.8 billion years ago， it got the whole process started.
本篇關(guān)鍵詞：
Photosynthesis
thousands of feet down
ocean’s bottom
mid-ocean ridges
650 degrees
bustling ecosystems
bound up in
sulfur compounds
light at the bottom of the sea
photosynthesis without sunlight
中文相關(guān)知識(shí)：
無(wú)處不在的細(xì)菌：沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光就不能進(jìn)行光合作用，地面生物就無(wú)法生存了。但是在2000—3000米深的海底，沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光的地方，各種生物又是以什么為食物來(lái)維持生命呢?科學(xué)家從海底采取的水樣中發(fā)現(xiàn)了奧妙。原來(lái)在水下2500到3000米的海底常有溫泉出現(xiàn)，這些溫泉噴涌出高達(dá)350攝氏度的水流。海底熱泉水從地下帶上來(lái)許多硫酸鹽，硫酸鹽在高溫高壓下變成了有臭雞蛋味的硫化氫，一些以硫化氫為營(yíng)養(yǎng)的細(xì)菌以極快的速度繁衍。細(xì)菌通過(guò)攝取溫泉里豐富的化合物獲得能量，它們幫助溫泉水把周?chē)兂梢黄鷻C(jī)勃勃的海底綠洲。小動(dòng)物就以細(xì)菌為食，大動(dòng)物又以小動(dòng)物為食，這樣就形成了新的食物鏈。
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