托福閱讀覺(jué)得好難，看不懂怎么辦
托福閱讀覺(jué)得好難，看不懂怎么辦?不用擔(dān)心，下面小編就給大家分享一些小建議!希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
托福閱讀覺(jué)得好難，看不懂怎么辦?
掌握了一定的詞匯量，在托福閱讀考試中有時(shí)通篇不見(jiàn)一個(gè)生詞，可還是看不懂文章，是怎么回事呢?原因一是不知道有些單詞的一詞多義，二是缺乏必要的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)，分不清句子中詞匯的相互關(guān)系和作用。所以，提高新托福閱讀能力還要學(xué)會(huì)分析長(zhǎng)句，弄清不同句子成分間的關(guān)系。
現(xiàn)在新托雖不直接考語(yǔ)法題，但在口語(yǔ)、寫作以及閱讀的題型中無(wú)不體現(xiàn)出對(duì)語(yǔ)法的理解與準(zhǔn)確的運(yùn)用能力。
尤其在口語(yǔ)及寫作這兩項(xiàng)輸出能力的考察上更為突出。比如，如果學(xué)好了定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，對(duì)于一些指代題，細(xì)節(jié)題甚至句子釋義詞會(huì)駕輕就熟，如果掌握好倒裝句的特點(diǎn)，在閱讀中會(huì)幫助你理解句意;學(xué)會(huì)了狀語(yǔ)從句，把握好狀語(yǔ)從句，熟悉各種連接詞的用法，訓(xùn)練自己對(duì)一些文章中間一些關(guān)鍵詞的敏感度，像but, same, in order to, as...as,很多詞，甚至是名詞、動(dòng)詞，但都非常有用。
這會(huì)對(duì)新托福閱讀考試中的詞匯猜測(cè)，修辭手法的理解以及邏輯推理等方面的題型幫助很大。而掌握好虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法，會(huì)幫助你更有效地把握作者的態(tài)度，寫作的意圖?？傊?，學(xué)好語(yǔ)法，具備分析長(zhǎng)句、難句的能力，是做好閱讀的關(guān)鍵。
學(xué)會(huì)概括、歸納，爭(zhēng)取做閱讀“超人”
歸納大意是托福閱讀理解的重點(diǎn)能力，這就要求考生要具備一定的概括能力。首先，學(xué)會(huì)研讀段首、段尾句，挑出主題句。然后，在新托福閱讀訓(xùn)練中，要學(xué)會(huì)劃分段落層次，懂得針對(duì)主題句，作者是以何樣的手法來(lái)展開(kāi)說(shuō)明、描述或論述的。
這些能力需要一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期新托福閱讀積累的過(guò)程，在托福閱讀備考過(guò)程中穩(wěn)步提高自己的英語(yǔ)能力，步步為盈，穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打，樂(lè)觀自信的迎接每一天，不要把自己搞得疲憊不堪。
實(shí)例講解托福閱讀句子插入題解題思路
句子插入題 Insert Text questions
█ Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. █ Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. █ In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █ He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them.
12. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
解題思路：
Insert Text question。該題型要求考生將一句話插入到原文四個(gè)黑色空格的其中一個(gè)當(dāng)中，使得段落看起來(lái)更通順。首先可以從這個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子中找到暗示點(diǎn)，例如，本題待插入句子為：This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods. 主語(yǔ)部分為：這個(gè)對(duì)于感情的認(rèn)知的普遍性。如果待插入句子中出現(xiàn)代詞，則代詞所指內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)在該句之前出現(xiàn)，結(jié)合這道題目，在這個(gè)句子應(yīng)當(dāng)插入的空之前必有：對(duì)于感情認(rèn)知的普遍性。這道題目選擇第三個(gè)黑色方框，其之前的句子為：
Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. 意思是：另外，來(lái)自不同文化背景的人能夠通過(guò)面部表情的識(shí)別來(lái)判斷對(duì)方的情緒。來(lái)自不同文化背景的人都可以判斷出來(lái)，這里暗示了universality 普遍性。同時(shí)，放在第三個(gè)空也可以對(duì)應(yīng)后面的內(nèi)容。待插入句子說(shuō)到“demonstrated by using rather simple methods”：可以用簡(jiǎn)單的方式證明，對(duì)應(yīng)第三個(gè)空后方的句子：In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs(在經(jīng)典的研究項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中)。
再來(lái)看一道題目，
Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■ Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■ The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." ■ By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■ Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
11. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
首先我們來(lái)看待插入句子：According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 本句的前半句說(shuō)道，According to Freud,(根據(jù)弗洛伊德的理論); 后半句：impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 被壓抑的沖動(dòng)會(huì)持續(xù)存在并且需要表達(dá)。這個(gè)句子是一句概括性的陳述，一般概括性陳述的后方需要有具體的細(xì)節(jié)句子來(lái)提供支持解釋。所以這道題目選擇第二個(gè)空。第二空格之后緊跟：The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines."(從某種意義上講，弗洛伊德的觀點(diǎn)是將人類看做“蒸汽機(jī)”)。這里既可以對(duì)應(yīng)Freud，又有具體的細(xì)節(jié)交代，說(shuō)持續(xù)存在的沖動(dòng)，就好比蒸汽機(jī)，這里的steam engines是解釋他觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)。
再來(lái)看一道題目，
■ Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■ Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■ In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■ They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
解題思路： 此題的帶插入句子當(dāng)中并沒(méi)有代詞， 這時(shí)我們可以根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)解答題目。帶插入句子當(dāng)中的Consequently(結(jié)果是...)可以給我們暗示。帶插入句子的含義為：結(jié)果是，tunas(金槍魚(yú))不需要吸水。那么該句子的前方應(yīng)該在陳述關(guān)于導(dǎo)致金槍魚(yú)不需要吸水的內(nèi)容。此題正確答案選C。在第三個(gè)空格之前的這句話：...they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. (金槍魚(yú)失去了像其他魚(yú)類的嘴里所擁有的一塊肌肉，這塊肌肉用于吸水和從腮里排水。)既然已經(jīng)失去了這塊用來(lái)吸水的肌肉，那么自然緊接著陳述，其結(jié)果，即金槍魚(yú)不再需要吸水。
實(shí)例講解托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題解題思路
句子簡(jiǎn)化題 Sentence Simplification questions
句子簡(jiǎn)化題是新題型之一，在這里我們先講解一下。對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題，有一些題目如果句子不長(zhǎng)，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關(guān)鍵詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如，
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來(lái)看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對(duì)我們讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C 項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換技巧就無(wú)法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來(lái)解析。
其實(shí)，我們?cè)谧x原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過(guò)快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解題思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來(lái)判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項(xiàng)范圍，首先排除掉C,D 選項(xiàng)。剩下的A,B 兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來(lái)我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語(yǔ)，來(lái)判斷。原句的主語(yǔ)是Desertification 沙漠化，而B(niǎo) 項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)是Slowing down the process of desertification 減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B 選項(xiàng)，A 為正確答案。
將通過(guò)程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來(lái)，對(duì)于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看下面這道題目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
( 本題節(jié)選自，新托福考試備考策略與模擬試題，群言出版社，P150，第1 題)
瀏覽原句，從because 可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對(duì)化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most 這個(gè)程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C 選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵漠?dāng)中帶有絕對(duì)化詞匯而選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為必錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)。接下來(lái)利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A 項(xiàng)，A 中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B(niǎo) 恰恰有because 這個(gè)詞，此外B 中的extremely 可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。
幾乎每一篇文章后面都會(huì)有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時(shí)在閱讀文章，或者報(bào)刊雜志的時(shí)候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會(huì)影響我們對(duì)原文的精確理解，平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。
實(shí)例講解托福閱讀指代題解題技巧
指代題 Reference questions
指代題在托?？荚囍蓄}量大約為0-2 個(gè)，主要考察學(xué)生能否找到原文中代詞的指代對(duì)象。解決指代題最基本的原則為：?jiǎn)螐?fù)數(shù)與人稱一致，前指且符合句意。
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
5. The word it in the passage refers to
○ Pakicetus
○ Fish
○ Life
○ ocean
本句代詞作主語(yǔ)，在結(jié)構(gòu)上指代上一句話主句中的名詞主語(yǔ)，即A 選項(xiàng)的Pakicetus。也可以采用帶入的方法，將選項(xiàng)逐一帶入，符合搭配的只有A 選項(xiàng)，其余選項(xiàng)，B fish魚(yú)類，C life 生命，D ocean 海洋， 都無(wú)法“bred and gave birth，哺育后代”。 目前十大題型中的指代題基本已經(jīng)不考，但是相應(yīng)的指代的原則有可能融入到其他題目中考查，最常見(jiàn)的考查方式即放在句子簡(jiǎn)化題或者句子插入題中一并考查。
實(shí)例講解托福閱讀詞匯題解題技巧
詞匯題 Vocabulary questions
在托福考試當(dāng)中，詞匯題的主要目的是考察考生能否識(shí)別詞匯在陌生語(yǔ)境中的含義。既然強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)境，那么通過(guò)識(shí)別生詞附近的語(yǔ)境含義，往往可以推測(cè)出生詞的含義。我們來(lái)看一道新托福考試官方指南上的題目：
Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Explained
○ Visible
○ Identified
○ Located
這道題目很多同學(xué)會(huì)選擇第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(locate： 坐落于…)，將這個(gè)含義帶入到語(yǔ)句當(dāng)中，意思也通順，指Basilosaurus 坐落于撒哈拉沙漠。但是這里需要注意的是，托福的詞匯題并不是選項(xiàng)帶入搭配合適就一定能找到正確答案，而是應(yīng)該從語(yǔ)境入手來(lái)選擇。正確的做法是，首先查看生詞附近有無(wú)并列，轉(zhuǎn)折等語(yǔ)境上的含義暗示。本句當(dāng)中，生詞的前方有“and”來(lái)暗示并列，而從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，前半句中的動(dòng)詞“found”，意思是“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，那么后半句的exposed 對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)境也應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)現(xiàn)某物，即找到，或者看見(jiàn)某物。因此這道題目的正確答案選擇B(visible：可看見(jiàn)的)。
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托福閱讀覺(jué)得好難，看不懂怎么辦
