逐個(gè)突破托福閱讀不同題型解決策略
托福?考試是一個(gè)由ETS測(cè)評(píng)研發(fā)的學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言測(cè)試,托福?考試通過(guò)考察聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)這4個(gè)技能方面以體現(xiàn)參與者在學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)言任務(wù)環(huán)境下的真實(shí)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)言能力,以下是小編整理的托福閱讀不同題型解決策略,歡迎大家借鑒與參考!
托??荚囬喿x技巧 句意解釋題解析
備考托福閱讀的考生們,是否都清楚的了解了托??荚囬喿x中都有哪些題型呢?針對(duì)不同的題型有什么不一樣的答題技巧呢?新東方為大家?guī)?lái)托??荚囬喿x技巧 句意解釋題解析一文,希望能夠幫助大家更好的備考托福閱讀。
句意解釋題也有人稱(chēng)其為“變換措辭題”,也就是用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)改寫(xiě)文章中的句子或者段落,以不同的方式重新陳述另一句話,保留其內(nèi)容,而不改變?cè)瓉?lái)句子的意思。在IBT閱讀的三篇文章中,每篇文章可能有0-1道這樣的題目,每次考試總共有2到3題。
這類(lèi)型題目的題干表達(dá)為:Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解決這類(lèi)題目的三種方法:
第一種:在保持原句序基本不變的前提下進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第二種:在句序不變的前提下再進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第三種:對(duì)原句進(jìn)行總結(jié)性重復(fù)。
下面我們通過(guò)一個(gè)例子來(lái)看這些方法的具體應(yīng)用:
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解題:
首先,我們來(lái)分析這個(gè)句子,整個(gè)主句的主語(yǔ)為Small marketers,謂語(yǔ)為be concerned with,賓語(yǔ)為factors,這個(gè)分析完成之后,我們采用同意替換的方法,替換其中的重點(diǎn)詞組-謂語(yǔ)be concerned with,其同義詞為focus on。這樣替換完之后把兩個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行比較,得出正確答案C。這道題目采用了第一種方法。
總之,這類(lèi)題目的解決步驟就是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)----找出其中的重要詞組進(jìn)行同義替換----結(jié)合整個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行重新組織句子------采用排除法找出正確答案。
托福考試閱讀技巧 詞匯題解析
一、五類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的詞匯關(guān)系:
1. 直接反義關(guān)系—該詞前或后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容提示我們是反義關(guān)系。 表示相反概念的詞語(yǔ)如下rather than,instead,unlike,contrast,on the contrary.
例如:
The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard
work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of
假如repudiates我們不認(rèn)識(shí),從后面的小詞 instead 這個(gè)詞判定兒子和__值觀念是相反的,由此信息看四個(gè)選項(xiàng),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只有A選項(xiàng)帶有否定的意味
2.并列關(guān)系:并列關(guān)系詞如下: and,not only ..but also,as…as,and,both … and,either… or neither… nor
例如:
She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels.
The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about
回到原文看embarked on周?chē)脑~語(yǔ)和它在這個(gè)句子中的作用。在這句中關(guān)健詞 and 其后出現(xiàn)soon began告訴我們前后方向是一致的,前面也必然和began有關(guān),所以本題目的正解是B。
3.解釋關(guān)系:后面的句子或短詞,單詞來(lái)解釋前面的詞。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志詞:Contribute to,be responsible for,account for,since ,therefore ,for,because,in which等
例如:
His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature.
The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A) Rupture B) revelation C) opportunity D) rest
which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告訴我們一定考查的是正態(tài)度,所以答案不可能是A) D),所以應(yīng)該選 C) Opportunity 是一種有利的狀態(tài)或合適的時(shí)機(jī)。
4. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:看看賓語(yǔ)能否受動(dòng)詞支配,或從動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配去判定.
例如:
The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of primary sources of the world’s pollutions. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog.
The word poised in this sentence is closest in meaning to__
A) interacting B) sitting C) blowing D) poisoning
首先從搭配關(guān)系上可以排除 interacting ,interact with 然后可以從上下文關(guān)系排除 blowing over 因?yàn)榇底吡司褪遣粫?huì)有smog.而poison考試中及物才有pollute的含義,不及物只有一種含義表示投毒。
5. 形容詞修飾名詞關(guān)系:
例如:
When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide (No2), which is a gas with a brownish hue.
The word hue in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A)color B)odor C)thickness D)smoke
對(duì)于本題你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)小詞brownish 呈褐色的,首先從形容詞修飾名詞關(guān)系可以直接排除B odor C thickness, 其次可以通過(guò) a gas with brownish hue前面的 gas 排除 D smoke,用詞重復(fù)。所以正確答案是A。
二、解決詞匯題的三大技巧:
1、首先看是否認(rèn)識(shí), 如果在認(rèn)識(shí), 采用就近原則,在選項(xiàng)中找同義或近義詞, 并代入原文檢驗(yàn);如果不認(rèn)識(shí),將4個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
2、分析詞語(yǔ)在句子中的作用,了解詞性,然后按照上面提供的5類(lèi)關(guān)系方法找出正確答案。
3、看選項(xiàng),如果選項(xiàng)的有2個(gè)答案都比較合適,根據(jù)詞匯搭配的5類(lèi)關(guān)系,選擇在含義上與原詞最合適的。
總之,根據(jù)原文章語(yǔ)境理解所要選擇詞匯的詞性和其在句中的作用,然后根據(jù)5類(lèi)詞匯搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇合適的選項(xiàng)是解決這類(lèi)題目的基礎(chǔ),排除法是解決這類(lèi)題的主要方法。
托福考試閱讀技巧 列舉題解析
托??荚囬喿x中的列舉題主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息,排除一些與文章內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)信息的能力。所以,ETS也這類(lèi)題型稱(chēng)之為“否定事實(shí)信息題”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出題形式為:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings _x, except _?
一、列舉題兩大分類(lèi):集中列舉和分散列舉
1. 集中列舉
集中列舉的形式有:三個(gè)名詞或詞匯連續(xù)出現(xiàn),各個(gè)名詞或詞匯之間以逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);三個(gè)短語(yǔ)連續(xù)出現(xiàn);三個(gè)句子連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于集中列舉題,只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文,排除在原文的集中列舉之處出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng),剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如,
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
這里,我們先看題干,問(wèn)的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完這個(gè)題目之后我們回到原文:They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出來(lái)了。A,C答案可以直接在原文中找到,D答案是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容的改寫(xiě)。
2. 分散列舉
分散列舉,顧名思義,就是說(shuō)各項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的位置比較的分散,可能出現(xiàn)于同一段落之中,或分布于全文各段。對(duì)于分散列舉,我們同樣需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文,將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文逐個(gè)進(jìn)行比較,采用排除法,在原文未提到或與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。解答這類(lèi)題目需要注意文章每個(gè)段落的首尾句。
二、解答列舉題的三大步驟:
1. 看題干找關(guān)鍵詞:
如果問(wèn)題中線索,即,有和原文相同詞語(yǔ),我們稱(chēng)之為關(guān)鍵詞,可以根據(jù)它定位,然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒(méi)有關(guān)鍵詞,可以先定位于上一個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。一般來(lái)說(shuō),IBT閱讀考試題目的順尋和原文章的順序相同。
2. 閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng):
如果題干中沒(méi)有線索的,可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng),總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位,或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。
3. 排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng):
將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后,排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng),剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng),或者與原文相矛盾,或者在原文未提到,就是正確答案。
總之,列舉題的基本思路是排除,排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng),與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。
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