3個方法教你正確使用托福獨立寫作中的舉例論證
新托福獨立作文寫作學會技巧，拿到高分也不是那么困難了。而在其中最為重要的就是確定好寫作的思路。下面我們就為大家介紹托福獨立寫作如何正確使用舉例論證。
3個方法教你正確使用托福獨立寫作中的舉例論證
在托福寫作過程中，舉例論證的使用是一個非常重要的過程，沒有舉例，托福作文就無從延展。但是實際考生在考試和練習的過程中，對于舉例的方式用得相當?shù)投撕蜔o效。一部分考生舉例和主題無關(guān)，而還有一些考生舉例過于繁瑣并且添加了相當一部分的無用內(nèi)容。因IBT考試評分標準里規(guī)定了“the essay should be well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”的內(nèi)容，這就要求考生們在構(gòu)文的過程中必須要給出適當?shù)睦雍偷氐赖闹蝺?nèi)容。
一、舉例的選擇
舉例的內(nèi)容選擇在IBT相對是自由的，因為考生既可以選擇名人、事件和社會事實，也可以選擇自己身邊的例子，諸如朋友、家庭成員、同學、老師等。
首先，名人名事需要考生在考試之前積累大量的信息，包括名人的名字、事件名稱、發(fā)生的時間地點人物情節(jié)，包括一些名著的情節(jié)等。這里并不需要考生完全記憶，故事梗概能對topic sentence進行足量的支撐即可。例：Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition. 貝多芬的例子可以用于勵志類型的題目(如Should people stick to their dream even though it's difficult to become true or a practical one?)。這樣，在寫文的過程中加入作品數(shù)量和內(nèi)容，容易增加學術(shù)性和說服力。
其次，社會事實的內(nèi)容一樣能夠提供大量的例證支持，社會事件的說服力更直接有力。這里特別要注意的是，在描述時間的過程中，注意排除事件的無關(guān)背景信息，保留能夠為支持論證服務(wù)的內(nèi)容。例：For example, students might attempt to paraphrase to convey information obtained from research but fail to cite their sources. Or they might fail to identify passages as quotations when they are conducting research for a writing project and later treat the passage as though it were a paraphrase. In still other cases, students will knowingly attempt to pass off the work of other writers as their own. 剽竊的例子可以用在誠信或者是信息技術(shù)的題目中，凸顯內(nèi)容高度。
當然，考生也可以選擇自己和身邊親朋好友的例子?？忌Ｒ娮龇榫幵靷€人經(jīng)歷，現(xiàn)場馬上造出一個新鮮的例子。只要舉例內(nèi)容到位，是不會影響得分的。所以在個人經(jīng)歷描寫中，考生一定要把握列舉事件的人事物地以及情節(jié)還有因果，最好加上由此事得出的最終結(jié)論。例如：When my grandparents were children, the only transportations for the majorities are animal labored or human labored vents. Once my grandfather tries to go to Beijing to take the big exam, it took him half a month to ride his horse there. However, as air plane is becoming an affordable transportation for most of modern people, it will only take me 1 hour to get there. Not to mention the comfortable environment on an air plane or a train comparing with the vans in the past. 這樣的例子要求考生還要注意一點的就是，國際化考試不要給出過多的local概念。很多考生背了很多中國特色短語(像四個現(xiàn)代化，社會主義等)，認為用在文章能體現(xiàn)詞匯量，這點不是英文考試地道語言內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)。
二、舉例中的邏輯運用
舉例中同樣包括了推理論證的方法。舉例雖然容易寫，但其論證力度如果沒有推理，則會顯得混亂。因為舉例是在特定情景下，適當運用推理能夠符合一般的情形。推理舉例的一個重要原則是具體化，設(shè)置具體的場景。我們可以用5W1H作為工具展開。提醒考生注意的是：用詞的部分盡可能要與選擇的場景相匹配，像一些比較專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的詞匯則可以避開。這樣就使得場景更加逼真;不宜用那些泛泛而談的詞諸如：beautiful, great, important, good等。其實，舉例和設(shè)置場景的推理有共通之處，就是把你想到的一個具體例子變得更加普遍化，過去時變成一般現(xiàn)在時。比如，舉例的話我們會說，我叔叔丟了工作，但是他沒有放棄，積極學習，最后他成了CEO。這是一個遞推的過程，非常容易。
三、舉例的格式
應(yīng)當注意的是，引出例子不再僅僅只有for example、for instance, 其實針對不同的例子都有不同的巧妙而又自然的引入。比如上述例子中的句式，此外還有：a case in point、after all、as a proof、as an illustration(使用時放于句首，后加逗號)、as an example、for example、for instance、in particular、just as、namely、such、specifically、that is、to illustrate、to demonstrate。舉例的位置既可以放在主題句后，也可放段尾。
托福寫作如何做到善用例子
如動物→鳥類，現(xiàn)代交通方式→飛機，上面的舉例是最簡單的形式，即對單個詞/短語，或說單個對象舉例。我們在獨立寫作中會遇到對單個對象的舉例，這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對一個句子，或說多個對象互相聯(lián)系而串成的觀點舉例的情況，這時我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。
托福寫作舉例的基本原則：
a. 細節(jié)性原則----細于被舉例者。
b. 一致性原則----良好體現(xiàn)與要用舉例證明的觀點的一致對應(yīng)關(guān)系，觀點中的重點信息應(yīng)在例子中不多不少地體現(xiàn)。
新托福寫作真經(jīng)介紹的舉例的具體操作方法：
粗舉，細舉，引調(diào)查，列數(shù)字。
(1)粗例----粗獷的例子
“粗例”即一類人、物或事，或一個公認事實的例子，說白了就是多數(shù)人都能認可的信息。尋找這類例子的時候比較輕松，只要在觀點中找出可以繼續(xù)細化的重點信息然后"narrow down"就可以了。
觀點1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
“粗例”可以建立“面”對“線”的關(guān)系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用，才能使整個段落更有血肉。
(2)細例----細致的例子
“細例”就是具體到一個人、一個物，或一件事，可以是實際存在的，也可以無中生有。這類例子使托福寫作更加鮮活，更有說服力，通常也能占據(jù)更長一些的篇幅，平時有意識地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來才會更加得心應(yīng)手。
a. 實際存在的，一方面，這類例子可以是身邊，家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報道出來的“名事”了
觀點2： Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
細例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
觀點3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
細例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外，"細例"的無中生有就是假設(shè)論證，常用if，supposing等開頭。
觀點4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
細例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
通過上面新托福寫作真經(jīng)的介紹相信大家對于如何使用例子都有了解了，新托福寫作中例子不是一擺就完事的，大家還需要簡化提煉，這樣才能讓自己的托福寫作文章顯得有檔次。 接下來是一篇例證的范文：
Some people like to keep records or experiences by exposing photos on social networking sites. Others do not like to create such records. Which way do you prefer?
If there is one word that best describes the modern world, that word would undoubtedly be “ technology “. The world technology is creeping into everybody’s daily life unconsciously. One of the greatest innovations in this century is Facebook launched by Mark Zuckerburg, providing a convenient platform on which people could freely exchange ideas and share their pictures. However, due to the large volume of data collected about users, the service’s privacy has faced doubt and suspicion among critics. As far as I am concerned, the drawbacks of this sharing method outweigh its counterparts.
To begin with, those pictures could exert negative influences on adolescents. Adolescence is a transitional and immature stage of physical and psychological development, a stage that could be readily and deeply affected by outside world. For example; many Facebook users, especially adolescents, displays references to alcohol and substance use on their Facebook profiles. One study of alcohol displays on underage college Facebook users found that 35 percent participant profiles displayed alcohol. This trend continues to increase dramatically. One of critics claimed that sometimes, those teenagers posted such pictures just to look cool, but in fact it led to imitation and even frenzy among friends. In addition, a piece of striking news made on the front page is that a girl from Taiwan posted her Porsche car, hundreds of luxury shoes, and even a private jet plane on her homepage. Then, after a week, thousands of photos about luxury brands, private boats, and decent villas appear on the Instagram. Form these examples we see photos shape false values for teenagers.
In addition, exposed phones might bring unintended consequence. By statistic, most of network profiles are set ‘‘ visible to public’’ meaning anyone can access the profiles that users have updated. Once those pictures and photos are targeted by harming users, these would put people at a higher risk of being stalked and then raped or even killed. The RANN ( the rape , Abuse and Incest National Network ) has released a report that there are millions stalking each year in America. Of course, one in four reported experiencing cyber stalking. What’ worse, due to safety holes，some sex offenders always find a way to access to picture of young children; stalk them by hints photos left and then committed crimes at last. Thus, it is parent’s responsibility that stops uploading life pictures about children’s for their protection.
Assuming above, although keeping records might leave an unforgettable memory, posting photos with geographic information would not only definitely make strangers aware of their location, and thus leads to unpredictable risks for users, but also mold false values among teenagers.
托福獨立寫作范文：人們更關(guān)心公眾的認可勝過錢
托福獨立寫作范文之人們更關(guān)心公眾的認可勝過錢，英文題目People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.
托福寫作題目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.【相對于錢，人們更關(guān)心公眾的認可】
托福寫作參考范文：
In modern society, books or TV programs about successful businessman are becoming increasingly prevalent since people want to learn something about how to achieve success from them. When it comes to which is the original purpose of earning money, some people hold the view that people care more about public recognition than about money, even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder. As far as I am concerned, this statement works only when people already have enough money.
To begin with, money is absolutely the fundamental demand of our daily lives. In this contemporary society, most of the stuffs we need require money, without which life can hardly operate. In addition, as mature individuals, we own the responsibility to take care of our families and provide them with a high quality life. During the period of inflation, more money is required to ensure the children’s education and families’ medical insurance. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals are not willing to pursue some high level requirement such as recognition until their basic requirement, such as money, has been satisfied.
Consequently, for most people, money is the foremost thing to be considered.
What is more, money can be utilized to broaden social circle or improve oneself. As we know, no one can achieve success without others’ help, that is to say, sometimes whether you will succeed depends on how many friends you have. Friends can give us plenty of useful suggestions and precious opportunities, which may help us a lot during the process of the pursuit of happiness. Therefore, sometimes money can be used to consort successful people or join in some meets among the upper class, in which you need to wear decent clothes. Additionally, in order to achieve success, we need to improve our knowledge and experience. Therefore, taking some courses or training and buying helpful books are essential to improve ourselves. In a word, during the process of achieving success, money is indispensible if you want to go further.
Admittedly, social recognition would be taken into consideration if people already have enough money. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs mentioned above, social recognition is a higher level requirement, when the basic necessities of life has been satisfied with money, individual start to regard things like recognition as their life pursuit. As the case stands, even there’s no money paid, they will be still willing to work hard to pursue respect, realize their personal value or even change the world like Steve Jobs.
Based on the analysis from all the evidence provided above, I can reasonably reaffirm that money is the fundamental requirement when people work hard, while public recognition would be taken into account only when they have enough money. (464)
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