玩轉(zhuǎn)托福獨(dú)立寫作舉例論證
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，熟悉托福獨(dú)立寫作，小編為大家?guī)?lái)玩轉(zhuǎn)托福獨(dú)立寫作舉例論證一文，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
什么是舉例論證
例證法是對(duì)分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行展開的一種非常有效的方法，不同于邏輯論證，它更多偏重對(duì)某一種經(jīng)歷或事實(shí)的論述，從自己的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”或社會(huì)的“事實(shí)”出發(fā)，對(duì)自己的分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行展開或證明。
托福寫作舉例論證的優(yōu)勢(shì)
例證法的第一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是調(diào)節(jié)字?jǐn)?shù)。例證法的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是“生動(dòng)具體性”，只有將例子填充足夠多的背景和細(xì)節(jié)信息，才能夠給讀者帶來(lái)充分的“代入感”，從而到達(dá)說(shuō)服人的目的。而細(xì)節(jié)的詳略具體程度就可以成為字?jǐn)?shù)調(diào)節(jié)的一個(gè)工具。在論證部分，如果邏輯論證不好展開或者展開的篇幅比較小，這個(gè)時(shí)候就可以用一個(gè)詳實(shí)具體的例子來(lái)增加展開的豐滿度;如果邏輯論證本身就足夠詳實(shí)，就可以用一個(gè)稍微概括性的例子來(lái)增加展開。但要注意一點(diǎn)，增加細(xì)節(jié)不是沒(méi)有重點(diǎn)或無(wú)意義地隨意擴(kuò)充，一定要保證例證與分論點(diǎn)的相關(guān)性，具體如何操作，我們會(huì)在下文中進(jìn)行展開。
例證法的第二個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)就是它適用于邏輯性弱以及詞匯貧乏的同學(xué)，對(duì)于邏輯性弱一點(diǎn)的同學(xué)，尤其是年紀(jì)比較小的考生，可能本身論理思維沒(méi)有那么嚴(yán)密，在推導(dǎo)過(guò)程中很容易出現(xiàn)邏輯鏈的缺失，或者無(wú)法用準(zhǔn)確的詞表達(dá)出抽象性的概念，所以邏輯展開并不能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用好;而例證法則可以用相對(duì)平實(shí)具體的語(yǔ)言描述經(jīng)歷，從而對(duì)分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明和展開，所以從這個(gè)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，它的運(yùn)用就會(huì)更加簡(jiǎn)單一些。
托福寫作如何使用例證法
例證法看似簡(jiǎn)單，但用的恰當(dāng)卻并不容易。
一個(gè)好的例子應(yīng)該具備三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：相關(guān)性，細(xì)節(jié)性以及結(jié)論性。
l 相關(guān)性
例子本身是作為論據(jù)的一部分，它最核心的作用就是去證明的分論點(diǎn)，所以例子本身的邏輯和內(nèi)容必須貼切主題句，也就是分論點(diǎn)。而主題句本身包括主題(topic)和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度(controlling idea)兩個(gè)部分，所以例證本身也是針對(duì)于這兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行例證展開。比如對(duì)于Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly這樣的主題句，它的主題是technology，而觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度是has improved people`s living conditions significantly，所以我們對(duì)應(yīng)將這兩方面進(jìn)行具體事例擴(kuò)充：technology擴(kuò)充為空調(diào)(air conditioner), 而improved people`s living conditions significantly可以初步擴(kuò)充為“空調(diào)沒(méi)普及的時(shí)候，人們?cè)谙奶旆浅ｋy受;空調(diào)發(fā)明后，人們?cè)谙奶旌芟硎堋薄?/p>
l 細(xì)節(jié)性
例證作為論據(jù)區(qū)別于邏輯的最大一點(diǎn)在于它是“生動(dòng)具體”的，給讀者強(qiáng)烈的真實(shí)感和共鳴感，所以它必須要填充詳細(xì)具體的細(xì)節(jié)作為支撐。
細(xì)節(jié)填充的第一個(gè)原則就是W&H原則，補(bǔ)充when，where，who，why以及how的這些信息;盡量用具體的時(shí)間(three years ago; in 1988; when I was in 3 grade等)來(lái)替換掉模糊的時(shí)間概念(in the past, before等)，用具體人名(my cousin John)來(lái)替代泛指的人稱(someone, a classmate);
第二個(gè)原則要擴(kuò)充詳細(xì)的修飾語(yǔ)，比如對(duì)于“我丟了一個(gè)帽子”，擴(kuò)充修飾語(yǔ)就意味著你要補(bǔ)充各類信息，擴(kuò)充之后就是“我在今天上午等202公交車的時(shí)候，把我媽媽給我縫制的紅色毛線帽子丟在了站臺(tái)長(zhǎng)椅上”，有了足夠多的信息補(bǔ)充，才會(huì)讓讀者有身臨其境的代入感。
那對(duì)于上一個(gè)空調(diào)的例子，我們加入足夠多的細(xì)節(jié)就變成“在1950s，中國(guó)的人們→忍受高溫+甚至在南方引發(fā)高溫病;現(xiàn)在的人們，有空調(diào)→終結(jié)高溫+室內(nèi)開涼爽派對(duì)空調(diào)讓人們?cè)谙奶旄孢m?！?/p>
l 結(jié)論性
例子證明也是論證過(guò)程，是論證就有分析和結(jié)論，所以在例證列舉之后，要加上對(duì)分論點(diǎn)的總結(jié)和重申。而總結(jié)的方法可以用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的因果鏈，也可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句的形式。
因果：Because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.
強(qiáng)調(diào)：It is the invention of air conditioner that enables people to enjoy a delightful summer now.
以上整個(gè)例子的呈現(xiàn)如下：
Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly. For instance, in 1950s, people in China had to suffer the extremely high temperature during summer every single year, and in some southern regions, people even got ill caused by the horrible weather sometimes. However, as the technology developed, the invention of air conditioner has ended the intolerable suffering of hot summer, and nowadays people can have parties and gatherings in the cool indoor rooms. Therefore，because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.
在進(jìn)行例子的論證時(shí)，一定要記得例子本身最核心的作用是為了證明分論點(diǎn)，務(wù)必要緊貼著分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行例證展開，同時(shí)要補(bǔ)充足夠的細(xì)節(jié)從而增加例子的生動(dòng)具體性，給讀者更多的代入感和真實(shí)感，最后就是要利用例子去分析和重申分論點(diǎn)。
托福范文：不應(yīng)強(qiáng)制規(guī)定必須上課
【題目】
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
【范文】Class Attendance Should Not Be Compulsory
It is undoubtedly true that students should take their studies seriously. This means not only doing the required work, but also actively pursuing every opportunity to learn. So of course they should attend their classes to receive the maximum benefit. However, I do not believe that there is a need to make class attendance mandatory at the university level.
By the time they reach university, students are no longer children. They are young adults and should be able to take responsibility for their actions. Attending their classes is of benefit to them, and while it may be tempting to skip them once in a while, it is not the responsible choice. Adults must be able to manage their time on their own and to make their own decisions. If a student misses too many classes and so does poorly in a course, he will have to accept the consequences and learn from his mistake. Finally, non-compulsory class attendance may not only lead to improvements in the students, but also in the teaching. Of course, every professor likes to see full attendance at his classes. If students are not coming to class, the professor should ask himself why. Perhaps the students do not understand the relevance of the material to their studies.
In conclusion, I believe that class attendance should not be required for university students. They should learn to make the right decisions for themselves, and this is one way to encourage the development of independence and responsibility.
[簡(jiǎn)譯】不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)制規(guī)定必須上課
學(xué)生應(yīng)該認(rèn)真對(duì)待自己的學(xué)業(yè)，這無(wú)疑是正確的。這也就意味著，學(xué)生不僅要完成學(xué)校所要求的功課，也要主動(dòng)尋求各種學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。所以，學(xué)生當(dāng)然應(yīng)該去上課，以得到最多的益處。然而我認(rèn)為，到了大學(xué)階段，就沒(méi)有必要強(qiáng)制規(guī)定學(xué)生上課一定要出席。
學(xué)生上了大學(xué)就不再是小孩子了，他們是年輕的成人，應(yīng)該有能力為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。上課對(duì)他們是有益的，雖然偶爾逃課頗令人心動(dòng)，但這并不是負(fù)責(zé)任的選擇。成年人必須能夠管理自己的時(shí)間，自己做決定。如果學(xué)生因?yàn)槿闭n太多而使某個(gè)科目考得很差，他就必須接受后果，從自己的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。最后，不強(qiáng)制上課可能不僅使學(xué)生進(jìn)步，而且也可改善教學(xué)。當(dāng)然，每位教授都樂(lè)于見(jiàn)到自己上課時(shí)的學(xué)生出席率為百分之百。如果學(xué)生不來(lái)上課，教授應(yīng)該捫心自問(wèn)為什么會(huì)如此?；蛟S是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生們不了解上課的內(nèi)容和學(xué)業(yè)之間有何關(guān)聯(lián)。
總之，我認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)制規(guī)定大學(xué)生上課必須出席。他們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)自己做正確的決定，而這正是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立精神和責(zé)任感的方法之一。
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