托福閱讀理解推斷題怎么做
托福閱讀考試中，有很多的題型，推斷題是其中一種。托福閱讀推斷題要怎么解題?下面就是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的托福閱讀理解推斷題解題方法，希望對(duì)你有用!
托福閱讀理解推斷題解題方法
問題形式
這類問題主要考察考生對(duì)文章中一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)的理解程度，而這種觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)是作者在文章中強(qiáng)烈暗示但并沒有明確闡明的。比如說(shuō)，如果文章陳述了一個(gè)事件的結(jié)果，那么推論類問題就很可能問考生其原因是什么;如果文章出現(xiàn)對(duì)比，那么此類問題就可能問考生其對(duì)比的基礎(chǔ)是什么。
注意：解答此類問題時(shí)，考生不僅需要理解作者所寫出句子的字面意思，還必須搞清楚這些句子之間的邏輯性暗示。正確答案一定是從文章已給出的內(nèi)容中推論出來(lái)的。
這種題目的提問方式通常為：
推論類問題的題干中通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)infer、suggest或者imply這類詞匯。
★ Which of the following can be inferred about X?
★ The author of the passage implies that X…
★ Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?
解題步驟
1. 讀題干，確定問題類型
2. 選擇問題中的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵短語(yǔ)作為定位信息
3. 瀏覽指定段落，利用定位信息確定原文中的對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容
4. 仔細(xì)閱讀并且理解原文中的對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容，直接確定答案或者利用排除法確定答案。
注意：錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)通常為
★ 不被文中所給出或暗示的信息所支持
★ 重復(fù)文章中信息但沒有回答問題
★ 過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)或模糊
★ 不真實(shí)、不準(zhǔn)確
★ 與文章不相關(guān)或者沒有被提及
解題范例
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?
○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.
○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.
● Desertification will continue to increase.
○ Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.
托福閱讀推理題找到推理依據(jù)的方法
一、 推理的奧秘
我們都知道，推理判斷題的題目特征就是infer, imply, indicate, suggest等有“暗含”“隱喻”的詞，那么針對(duì)于推理判斷題，我們是不是一定要進(jìn)行復(fù)雜而縝密的卷福式的“推理”呢?當(dāng)然不會(huì)啦，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們記住，ETS是一個(gè)常年累月都在絞盡腦汁的維持自己題目難度保持一致的機(jī)構(gòu)。這也是為什么不論我們參加當(dāng)年哪一場(chǎng)的托福考試，學(xué)校對(duì)于分?jǐn)?shù)的要求都沒有任何波動(dòng)的原因。所以針對(duì)托福當(dāng)中的任何題型難度也是驚人的萬(wàn)年不變。所以，推理題的答案要以和原文一致為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并且考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“推理而不推”的情況， 來(lái)說(shuō)就是原文直接對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)，沒有什么改變的“不推的推理題”的情況。
比如例題：(TPO34-P2-Q1)
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain’s short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?
A Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.
B A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.
C Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.
D What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.
根據(jù)題目對(duì)應(yīng)到第一句(切記當(dāng)題目中有about就拿about后面內(nèi)容回原文定位)，但信息過(guò)少于是看下一句Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. 文中說(shuō)因?yàn)槿丝谠鲩L(zhǎng)，英國(guó)在中世紀(jì)時(shí)大部分森林已經(jīng)被農(nóng)田和牧草代替，因此木材更加缺乏，但是它卻一直都很重要。直接對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B。由此可見這并沒有什么推理過(guò)程。
二、 固定路徑的推理
固定路徑的推理是我們考察內(nèi)容中非常重要的一點(diǎn)，要從題目和原文共同著手。而固定路徑推理又分為兩個(gè)部分：1.整體與部分，2.取反推理。
下面我們就分別來(lái)介紹
1. 整體與部分推理指的就是抽象和實(shí)際概念上的范圍推理。大范圍可以推導(dǎo)出對(duì)應(yīng)小范圍的內(nèi)容。比如“中國(guó)的陶瓷制品質(zhì)量非常好”可以推導(dǎo)出“江西瓷器質(zhì)量不錯(cuò)”因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是大范圍，江西是其中的小范圍，所以這是可以推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的。
比如例題：(OG-THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS)
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus breed and gave birth in which of the following locations
A. On land
B. Both on land and at sea
C. In shallow water
D. In a marine environment
對(duì)應(yīng)原文B這種動(dòng)物的定位得知： Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.說(shuō)明這是一種完全海洋生物，所以在這種大環(huán)境下，題目的“breed and give birth ”都是在海洋中。選擇D
2. 取反推理指的就是我們所說(shuō)的相反關(guān)系的標(biāo)志，比如“在她來(lái)到我們班之前，我是最美的女生”這句話告訴我們一個(gè)什么信息呢?“她來(lái)了之后我就不是我們班最美的了”同理，如果推理判斷題中有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間或是事件點(diǎn)，他們前后的相反關(guān)系是至關(guān)重要的。
比如例題：(TPO6-P2-Q3)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
根據(jù)題目對(duì)應(yīng)原文第一句：This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.這句話告訴我們，在蒸汽機(jī)車出現(xiàn)之前，運(yùn)河建筑處于頂峰，最高點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)。所以說(shuō)明，在那之后，就不再最高。所以選擇B。同理還有TPO33-P3-Q12.TPO19-P3-Q5.TPO4—P3-Q6等
三、 不走尋常路的推理
不走尋常路就是說(shuō)推理的范圍比較大，要自己選擇哪些內(nèi)容比較重要。例如近期考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)給兩段范圍的推理題型。切記，既然題目給你兩段的范圍，那么一定不會(huì)只用到一段的信息。所以要找好切入點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。定位到其中一段的位置之后，另一段中一定有些可以聯(lián)系起來(lái)的信息。
比如例題：(TPO7-P1-Q12)
Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
A. They could read and write the Greek language.
B. They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
C. They focused their writing on military matters.
D. They wrote according to their lives.
根據(jù)題目對(duì)應(yīng)到原文: .It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.，可是句子中沒有任何可以用來(lái)選擇的內(nèi)容，這時(shí)一定注意題目給了兩段的范圍，所以我們根據(jù)這句話的信息“高素質(zhì)的作家”回第五段定位，這時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek.高素質(zhì)證明一定受過(guò)教育呀，所以對(duì)應(yīng)到這句之后選擇A。
同理還有例題TPO27-P3-Q4 TPO14-P3-Q1+Q10 TPO11-P3-Q10
總而言之，針對(duì)于推理判斷題，我們要充分調(diào)動(dòng)原文當(dāng)中的信息。獲取關(guān)鍵信息之后，對(duì)應(yīng)推理類型。同時(shí)也要注意，推理可能范圍廣?？赡苁悄撤N標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間或者是事件。其次范圍也是一種很大的幫助。針對(duì)兩段對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容要對(duì)應(yīng)兩段當(dāng)中可以聯(lián)系一起的信息，得出答案。
正逆向思維解決托福閱讀推斷題
OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對(duì)文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目，題目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
題干中有出現(xiàn)infer, imply, indicate或suggest這四個(gè)單詞，我們就判定這個(gè)題目為推斷題，那么推斷題應(yīng)該如何解答呢?
第一步，判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個(gè)單詞中的任何一個(gè)，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強(qiáng)烈暗示，要通過(guò)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷。
第二步，審清題干，原文定位。仔細(xì)閱讀題干，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位。
第三步，推測(cè)+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。
正向推斷：和事實(shí)信息題做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫。
逆向推斷：大致分為兩種，一種是時(shí)間，第二種是兩類事物的對(duì)比。
第一種，題干中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19th century. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)信息，一個(gè)是western farmers, 一個(gè)是prior to 1815, 帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個(gè)姑娘”，“請(qǐng)問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實(shí)這就算過(guò)分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個(gè)姑娘。言歸正題，文中說(shuō)到，改善的交通使得越來(lái)越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國(guó)家性的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長(zhǎng)。
第二種：兩類事物的對(duì)比，往往文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示對(duì)比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如TPO 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測(cè)關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個(gè)unlike, 說(shuō)不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy=difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說(shuō)想象早期sea otters長(zhǎng)什么樣比較容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult, 所以這道題很簡(jiǎn)單。當(dāng)然ETS不會(huì)一直都出這么簡(jiǎn)單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個(gè)答題的方向。
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