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id="z8iubhw" class="con_l fl"> <article class="ar_con bg louti"> <div id="xvkbnlj" class="ar_title"> <h1>高考化學(xué)常考方程式</h1> <div id="duxeupd" class="ar_title_b"> <div id="xiu8a9m" class="sub_title clear"> <span id="egsivks" class="sp2 c6 fl">時(shí)間：<time class="fxtime">2016-07-10 08:17:35</time></span> <span id="vpl8it3" class="sp1 c6 fl"><em id="zuozhe" class="noshow">陳哲凡</em><em class="user_id noshow">673</em>由 <em class="nickname"></em> 分享</span> <span id="qt3evjh" class="fl arc_btn"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="qbzk88r" class="y_ju"></div> <div id="tkbvmuz" class="con_article con_main" id="contentText"> <p>高考化學(xué)?？挤匠淌?/p><p> 　　背誦方程式在一定程度上也是為了更理解化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程與結(jié)論。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為您帶來(lái)的高考化學(xué)?？挤匠淌?，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。</p><p><strong>　　高考化學(xué)常考方程式(一)</strong></p><p> 　　1 足量的CO2通入飽和碳酸鈉溶液中： CO2+2Na++CO32-+H2O=2NaHCO3↓</p><p> 　　2 少量的CO2通入澄清石灰水中：：CO2+ Ca2++2OH-=CaCO3↓+H2O</p><p> 　　3 足量的CO2通入澄清石灰水中： CO2+ OH-=2HCO3-</p><p> 　　4 少量的SO2通入澄清石灰水中：：SO2+ Ca2++2OH-=CaSO3↓+H2O</p><p> 　　5 足量的SO2通入澄清石灰水中： SO2+ OH-=2HSO3-</p><p> 　　6 AgNO3溶液中滴入過(guò)量氨水：：Ag+ + 2 NH3•H2O = Ag(NH3)2+ + 2H2O</p><p> 　　7 向氯化鐵溶液中加入鐵粉：2Fe3++ Fe =3Fe2+</p><p> 　　8 鈉和冷水反應(yīng)：2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH-+H2↑</p><p> 　　9 鐵粉和稀硫酸：：Fe + 2H+ == Fe2+ + H2↑</p><p> 　　10 FeSO4酸性溶液中加過(guò)量雙氧水：2Fe2++H2O2+2H+=2Fe3++2H2O</p><p> 　　11 二氧化硅與氫氧化鈉溶液反應(yīng)： SiO2+2 OH-=SiO32-+ H2O</p><p> 　　12 Na與CuSO4溶液反應(yīng) ：2Na+2H2O+ Cu2+=2Na++Cu(OH)2↓+H2↑</p><p> 　　13 Na與FeCl3溶液反應(yīng)：6Na+6H2O+ 2Fe3+=6Na++2Fe (OH)3↓+3H2↑</p><p> 　　14 O與H2O反應(yīng)：Na2O+2H2O=2Na++2OH-</p><p> 　　15 Na2O2與H2O反應(yīng)：2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH-+O2↑</p><p> 　　16 Al2O3與鹽酸反應(yīng)：Al2O3 + 6H+ ==2 Al3++ 3H2O</p><p> 　　17 Al2O3與NaOH溶液反應(yīng)：Al2O3+ 2OH-==2 AlO2-+H2O</p><p> 　　18 Al(OH)3與HCl反應(yīng)：Al(OH)3 + 3H+== Al3++ 3H2O</p><p> 　　19 Al(OH)3與NaOH溶液反應(yīng)：Al(OH)3 +OH- =AlO2-+2H2O</p><p> 　　20) Na2SiO3溶液與稀鹽酸反應(yīng)：SiO32-+ 2H+ H2SiO3↓</p><p><strong>　　高考化學(xué)?？挤匠淌?二)</strong></p><p> 　　1.四羥基合氯酸鈉與鹽酸(少量)的反應(yīng)Na[Al(OH)4]+HCl==== Al(OH)3↓+NaCl+H2O</p><p> 　　2.氫氧化鋁與鹽酸的反應(yīng)Al(OH)3+3HCl==== AlCl3+3H2O</p><p> 　　3.四羥基合氯酸鈉與鹽酸(過(guò)量)的反應(yīng)Na[Al(OH)4]+4HCl==== AlCl3+NaCl+4H2O 4.四羥基合氯酸鈉與氯化鋁的反應(yīng)3Na[Al(OH)4]+AlCl3==== 4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl</p><p> 　　5.向四羥基合氯酸鈉中通入過(guò)量二氧化碳Na[Al(OH)4]+CO2==== Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3</p><p> 　　6.銅在潮濕空氣中被腐蝕2Cu+O2+H2O+CO2==== Cu2(OH)2CO3</p><p> 　　7.銅與氧氣的反應(yīng)2Cu+O2==== 2CuO</p><p> 　　8.銅與氯氣的反應(yīng)Cu+Cl2==== CuCl2</p><p> 　　9.銅氧化在高溫下轉(zhuǎn)化4CuO==== 2Cu2O+O2↑</p><p> 　　10.硫酸銅與水的反應(yīng)CuSO4+5H2O==== CuSO4+5H2O</p><p> 　　11 Na2SiO3溶液中通入少量CO2氣體：SiO32-+ CO2+ H2O H2SiO3↓+ CO32-</p><p> 　　12 Si與NaOH溶液反應(yīng)：Si + 2 OH- + 2H2O SiO32- + 2H2↑</p><p> 　　13 SO2通入氯水中，氯水褪色：SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O2H++SO42-+2 Cl-</p><p> 　　14 SO2通入溴水中‘溴水褪色’：SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O2H++SO42-+2 Br-</p><p> 　　15 氨水中滴加稀鹽酸：NH3•H2O +H+==NH4++H2O</p><p> 　　16 向Na2CO3溶液中滴入幾滴稀鹽酸(少量)：H+ + CO32- =HCO3一</p><p> 　　17 向Na2CO3溶液中滴入過(guò)量稀鹽酸：2H+ + CO32- =CO2↑+ H2O</p><p> 　　18 向Na2SO3溶液中滴入幾滴稀鹽酸(少量)：H+ + SO32- =HSO3一</p><p> 　　19 向Na2SO3溶液中滴入過(guò)量稀鹽酸：2H+ + SO32- =SO2↑+ H2O</p><p> 　　20 向Na AlO2溶液中滴入幾滴稀鹽酸(少量)：AlO2-+H2O +H+ = Al(OH)3↓</p><p><strong>　　高考化學(xué)?？挤匠淌?三)</strong></p><p> 　　1、復(fù)分解型離子反應(yīng)：例：Ag++Cl-=AgCl↓2H++CO32- =CO2↑+H2O</p><p> 　　2、置換反應(yīng)型：例：Zn+2H+=Zn2++H2 ↑ Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2</p><p> 　　3、鹽類水解型：例：NH4++H2O==NH3·H2O+H+ CH3COO-+H2O ==CH3COOH+0H-</p><p> 　　4、復(fù)雜的氧化還原型：例：MnO4-+5Fe2++8H+=5Fe3++Mn2++4H2O 另外還有生成物中有絡(luò)合物時(shí)的離子反應(yīng)等。</p><p> 　　5、只能將強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)(指溶于水中的強(qiáng)電解質(zhì))寫出離子形式，其它(包括難溶強(qiáng)電解質(zhì))一律寫成分子形式。如碳酸鈣與鹽酸的反應(yīng)：CaCO3+2H+=Ca2++CO2↑+H2O 因此熟記哪些物質(zhì)是強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)、哪些強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)能溶于水是寫好離子方程式的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵。</p><p> 　　6、不在水溶液中反應(yīng)的離子反應(yīng)，不能書寫離子方程式。如銅與濃H2SO4的反應(yīng)，濃H2SO4與相應(yīng)固體物質(zhì)取HCI、HF、HNO3的反應(yīng)，以及Ca(OH)2與NH4Cl制取NH3的反應(yīng)。</p><p> 　　7、堿性氧化物雖然是強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)，但它只能用化學(xué)方程式寫在離子方程式中。如CuO與鹽酸的反應(yīng)：CuO+2H+=Cu2++H2O</p><p> 　　8、有酸式鹽參加的離子反應(yīng)，對(duì)于弱酸酸式根離子不能拆成H+和酸根陰離子(HSO4-除外)。如NaHCO3溶液和NaOH溶液混合：HCO3-+OH-=CO32-+H2O不能寫成：H++OH-=H2O</p><p> 　　9、書寫氧化還原反應(yīng)的離子方程式時(shí)，首先寫好參加反應(yīng)的離子，然后確定氧化產(chǎn)物和還原產(chǎn)物，再用觀察配平并補(bǔ)齊其它物質(zhì)即可;書寫鹽類水解的離子方程式時(shí)，先寫好發(fā)生水解的離子，然后確定產(chǎn)物，再配平并補(bǔ)足水分子即可。</p><p> 　　10、必須遵守質(zhì)量守恒和電荷守恒定律，即離子方程式不僅要配平原子個(gè)數(shù)，還要配平離子電荷數(shù)和得失電子數(shù)。如在FeCl2溶液中通入Cl2，其離子方程式不能寫成： Fe2++Cl2=Fe3++2Cl-，因反應(yīng)前后電荷不守恒，應(yīng)寫成：2Fe2++Cl2=Fe3++2Cl-。</p><p> 　　11、不能因約簡(jiǎn)離子方程式中局部系數(shù)而破壞整體的關(guān)系量。如稀H2SO4和Ba(OH)2溶液的反應(yīng)，若寫出為：Ba2++OH-+H++SO42-=BaSO4+H2O就是錯(cuò)誤的，正確應(yīng)為Ba2++2OH-+2H++SO42-=BaSO4↓+2H2O。</p><p> 　　12、少量SO2氣體通入NaClO溶液中：2NaClO +2SO2+ 2H2O══Na2 SO4+ 2HCl+H2SO4</p><p> 　　13、氯氣通入水中：Cl2+H2O HCl+HClO</p><p> 　　14、氟氣通入水中：2F2+2H2O 4HF+O2↑</p><p> 　　15、氯氣通入冷的氫氧化鈉溶液中：Cl2+2 NaOH══NaClO+NaCl+ H2O</p><p> 　　16、FeBr2溶液中通入過(guò)量Cl2： 2FeBr2+ 3Cl2══2FeCl3+2 Br2</p><p> 　　17、FeBr2溶液與等物質(zhì)的量Cl2反應(yīng)：6FeBr2+ 6C12 4FeCl3+2FeBr3+ 3Br2</p><p> 　　18、足量氯氣通入碘化亞鐵溶液中：3Cl2+2FeI2 2FeCl3+2I2</p><p> 　　19、在FeI2溶液中滴入少量溴水：FeI2 +Br2 FeBr2+ I2</p><p> 　　20、氯化亞鐵溶液中滴入溴水：6FeCl2 + 3Br2══4FeCl3+2 FeBr3</p> 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