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      學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 各學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

      時(shí)間: 芷瓊1026 分享

      2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理

        英語(yǔ)是中考的一門重點(diǎn)考查科目,為了方便同學(xué)們更好地進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí),接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理,一起來(lái)看看吧。

        2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):介詞和連詞

        1.介詞的功能

        介詞是一種虛詞,用來(lái)表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語(yǔ)句中其它詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨(dú)使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)可在句中作定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:

        The boy over there is John’s brother. (定語(yǔ))

        The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語(yǔ))

        Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語(yǔ))

        Help yourself to some fish. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

        2.常用介詞的用法辨析

        (1)表時(shí)間的介詞

        at, in on

        表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at。例如:at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個(gè)世紀(jì),某年,某月,某個(gè)季節(jié)以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上時(shí),用in。例如:in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上時(shí),用on。例如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。

        since, after

        由since和after 引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始的時(shí)段,但since詞組表示的時(shí)段一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻,因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。而after詞組所表示的時(shí)段純系過(guò)去,因而要與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。例如:

        I haven’t heard from him since last summer.

        After five days the boy came back.

        in, after

        in與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),表示“過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。After與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面只能跟表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。After與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面才能跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如:

        He will be back in two months.

        He will arrive after four o’clock.

        He returned after a month.

        (2)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞

        at, in, on

        at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi);on往往表示“在某個(gè)物體的表面”。例如:

        He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

        They arrived at a small village before dark.

        There is a big hole in the wall.

        The teacher put up a picture on the wall.

        over, above, on

        over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反義詞是below。On指兩個(gè)物體表面接觸,一個(gè)在另一的上面。例如:

        There is a bridge over the river.

        We flew above the clouds.

        They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.

        across, through

        across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”,但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作是在三維空間進(jìn)行。例如:

        The dog ran across the grass.

        The boy swam across the river.

        They walked through the forest.

        I pushed through the crowds.

        in front of, in the front of

        in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某個(gè)范圍以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”,在某個(gè)范圍以內(nèi)。例如:

        There are some tall trees in front of the building.

        The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.

        3.介詞的固定搭配

        介詞往往同其他詞類形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系,才能正確使用介詞。

        (1)介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配

        listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。

        (2)介詞與名詞的搭配

        on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。

        (3)介詞與形容詞的搭配

        be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。

        4.連詞的功能

        用來(lái)連接詞,短語(yǔ),從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)使用。連詞可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。

        5.并列連詞

        并列連詞用來(lái)連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞,短語(yǔ)或句子。常見(jiàn)的并列連詞有:

        (1)表并列關(guān)系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。

        (2)表選擇關(guān)系的or, either…or等。

        (3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。

        (4)表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。

        6.從屬連詞

        從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞有:

        (1)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的if, unless等。

        (3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because, as, since等。

        (4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的so that, in order that等。

        (5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的though, although, even if等。

        (6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。

        (7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的than, as…as等。

        (8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that, if , whether等。

        7.常用連詞的用法辨析

        (1) while, when, as

        這三個(gè)連詞都可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,但用法有所不同。

        當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,又發(fā)生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:

        As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.

        當(dāng)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,最常用的是while。例如:

        While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.

        當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都表示發(fā)展變化的情況時(shí),最常用的是as。例如:

        As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.

        當(dāng)兩個(gè)短動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),或表示“一邊…一邊…”時(shí),最常用as。例如:

        Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.

        She looked behind from time to time as she went

        當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:

        When he finished his work, he took a short rest.

        當(dāng)從句是瞬間動(dòng)作,主句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:

        When John arrived I was cooking lunch.

        (2)as, because, since , for

        這四個(gè)詞都可表原因,但用法有區(qū)別。

        如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如:

        I stayed at home because it rained.

        ---Why aren’t you going?

        ---Because I don’t want to.

        如果原因已被人們所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點(diǎn)。As和since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開(kāi)頭。例如:

        As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.

        Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.

        for用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一種理由,因此,for引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號(hào)里。For引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開(kāi)頭。例如:

        I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.

        (3)if, whether

        if和whether都可作“是否”講,在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如:

        I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.

        I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.

        在下列情況下,只能用whether,不能用if:

        引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如:

        Whether he will come to the party is unknown.

        引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如:

        The question is whether I can pass the exam.

        在不定式前。例如:

        I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.

        (4)so…that, such…that

        so…that中的so是個(gè)副詞,其后只能跟形容詞或副詞,而such…that中的such是個(gè)形容詞,后接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。例如:

        I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.

        It was such a warm day that he went swimming.

        如果在名詞之前有many, much, little, few時(shí),用so,不用such。例如:

        He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.

        I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.

        (5)either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…

        這三個(gè)連詞詞組都可連接兩個(gè)并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),

        謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要隨相鄰的主語(yǔ)變化。例如:

        Either you or he is wrong.

        Neither he nor his children like fish.

        Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.

        (6)although, but

        這兩個(gè)連詞不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如:我們不能說(shuō)“Although he is

        over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為:Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.

        (7)because, so

        這兩個(gè)連詞同樣不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如:我們不能說(shuō)“Because John

        was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.

        2017中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):賓語(yǔ)從句

        一、賓語(yǔ)從句的種類

        賓語(yǔ)從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),或介詞的賓語(yǔ),或

        形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的不同連詞,賓語(yǔ)從句可分為三類。

        1.由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。That只有語(yǔ)法作用,沒(méi)有實(shí)在的意義,在口語(yǔ)

        和非正式文體中可以省略。例如:

        He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.

        She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.

        I am sure (that) he will succeed.

        2.由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。例如:

        Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?

        He asked whose handwriting was the best.

        Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?

        I don’t know why the train is late.

        3.由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如:

        I want to know if (whether) he lives there.

        He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

        二、賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序

        賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如:

        I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.

        I think (that) you will like this school soon.

        Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?

        Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.

        三、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)

        1.如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句該用什麼時(shí)態(tài)就用什麼時(shí)態(tài)。

        如:

        I don’t think (that) you are right.

        Please tell us where he is.

        Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

        2.如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句只能用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過(guò)去時(shí), 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí), 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí))。例如:

        He asked what time it was.

        He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

        He asked if you had written to Peter.

        He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

        3.如果賓語(yǔ)從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:

        Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

        Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

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