2017中考英語知識點梳理(2)
2017中考英語知識點梳理
2017中考英語知識點：動詞
1.動詞的時態(tài)
英語時態(tài)用共有十六種時態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時和過去將來時。
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時的基本用法
?、俳?jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語：every…， sometimes, at…，on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
?、诳陀^真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
?、郾硎靖裱曰蚓渲小?/p>
Pride goes before a fall.
【注意】此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round
?、墁F(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
?、菽承﹦釉~如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現(xiàn)在時句中可用來表示將來肯定會發(fā)生的動作。
The train comes at 3 o'clock.
⑥在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
(2)一般過去時的用法：
表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞，詞組或從句，如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等，上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。
I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】
?、龠^去經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作，也可用used to或would加動詞原形來表達，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays.
?、?ldquo;used to”也可用于表示過去曾經(jīng)存在過的狀態(tài)。例如：
This river used to be clean.
(3)一般將來時的用法
?、俦硎緦淼膭幼骰驙顟B(tài)。例如：
I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.
?、诒硎緦矸磸桶l(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：
He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
?、郾硎緦淼囊庠福瑳Q心，許諾， 命令等時常用will，征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。
I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
?、躡e + going + 動詞不定式。也是一種將來時句型，表示打算，計劃，最近或將來要作的某事。
I am going to Beijing next week.
⑤be + 動詞不定式。表示有職責，義務，可能，約定，意圖等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
?、辀e about + 動詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。
They are about to leave.
(4)現(xiàn)在進行時的用法
?、佻F(xiàn)在進行時的用法表示說話者說話時正在發(fā)生或者進行的動作， 它注重
現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什么時間開始，到什么時間結束。
What are you doing now?
I am looking for my key.
?、诂F(xiàn)在進行時表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作(但說話時這個動作不一定在進行)。
The students are preparing for the examination.
③某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示即將發(fā)生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。
They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
【注意】有些動詞一般不可以用于進行時態(tài)
?、俦硎緺顟B(tài)的動詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動詞，如：be, have
?、诒硎菊J識、知覺和情感的動詞，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。
(5)現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
?、佻F(xiàn)在完成時表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成或剛完成的動作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
They have cleaned the classroom.
?、诂F(xiàn)在完成時表示動作從過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在完成時常與for 和 since 引導的短語或從句連用。
We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
【注意】
一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別
試比較：
I saw this film yesterday.(強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了，不涉及現(xiàn)在)
I have seen this film. (強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)
(6)過去進行時的用法
表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。例如：
I was watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】
過去進行時和一般過去時都是過去發(fā)生的事情，但過去進行時側重表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，強調(diào)動作的連續(xù)進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實，例如：
They were building a house last month. (上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知)
They built a new house last month. (上個月建造好了，動作已經(jīng)完成)
(7)過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，過去完成時常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語和從句連用。
We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year.
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
(8)過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在地狀態(tài)，過去將來時較多地被運用在賓語從句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting.
I told him that I would see him off at the station.
2.動詞的語態(tài)
語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。
主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài);主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。
(1)被動語態(tài)
?、俦粍诱Z態(tài)最基本的句型結構是：be +及物動詞過去分詞
②被動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞
因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動語態(tài)。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態(tài)時不可遺漏。
?、壑鲃诱Z態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要加“to”的情況
若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)。
④主動形式表示被動意義
如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意義。例如：
The food tastes good.
3.非謂語動詞
對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞后不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形式作賓語補足語的用法;一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時就要帶to;有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。
(1)非謂語動詞的形式
非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。
(2)不定式作賓語補足語
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
(3)不定式作目的狀語
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
(4)用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動詞
這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性;+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作)
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
(5)用不帶to不定式的情況
使役動詞如： let, have, make等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。在被動語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。
過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作;現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響;一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。
(6)接動名詞與不定式意義不同
?、賡top to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
?、趂orget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。(已做)
③remember to do 記得去做某事(未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事(已做)
?、躷ry to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗，試著做某事。
⑤go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。
⑥mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
?、賡ay表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，后跟賓語或賓語從句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
?、趕peak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。
Do you speak English?
May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
②talk表示“談話”，是不及物動詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可以接賓語。
What are you talking about?
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
?、躷ell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或復合賓語。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
?、賚ook強調(diào)“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?
②see 指“看見”某物，強調(diào)的是結果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?
?、踳atch 指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
④read指“看書”、“看報”、“閱讀”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的區(qū)別。
?、賐orrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續(xù)性動詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary?
?、趌end 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please?
?、踜eep是“保存”的意思，動作可以延續(xù)。
How long can the recorder be kept?
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
①bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
?、趖ake意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
③carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag?
The box is heavy. Can you carry it?
?、躦et是去某處將某物拿回來。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?
(5) wear, put on和dress的區(qū)別
①wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
?、趐ut on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
③dress可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動詞用時，它的賓語是人，不是衣服。dress sb. (給某人穿衣服)，而wear作“穿著”用時，也是及物動詞，但它的賓語是物，不是人，即wear sth.(穿著衣物)。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
?、賢ake指做某事用多少時間，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
?、趕pend指某人在某事(物)上花費時間或錢。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
?、踰se表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer?
Shall we use your car?
(7)reach, get 和arrive的區(qū)別。
①reach是及物動詞，后面要直接跟表示地點的名詞作賓語。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
?、趃et是不及動詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，后面接表示地點的副詞時，不用to，get to常用于口語中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
?、踑rrive是不及物動詞，表示到達一個小地方時，用arrive at, 到達一個大地方時用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
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