定語(yǔ)從句的用法講解
定語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)的重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一,它的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜。我們應(yīng)從哪些方面有效地復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句呢?下面就是小編給大家?guī)?lái)的定語(yǔ)從句的用法講解,希望大家喜歡!
[定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)]
定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性和非限制性?xún)煞N。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是句子不可缺少的部分,如去掉主句意思就不完整或失去意義;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,去掉也不會(huì)影響主句的意思。它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),一般不用that引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞不可省略。如:
This is the book that I want to read. (限制性)
Tom’s father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. (非限制性)
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞成分可以是整個(gè)主句,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用which引導(dǎo),修飾整個(gè)句子。定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。例如:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所指代的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
在定語(yǔ)從句中,who和that既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ),whom只可作賓語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
The man (whom/who/that) you spoke to just now is our English teacher. (whom/who/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ),可省略)
[whose]
在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ),可用來(lái)指人或物,表示物時(shí)相當(dāng)于“the+名詞+of+which”或“of+which+the+名詞”。如:John, whose wife is ill, can’t come to the party.
[which & that]
which和that指代的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如:
Please show me the radio that/which you have just bought. (that/which在從句中作賓語(yǔ),可省略)
This is the film that/which created a great sensation. (that/which在從句中作主語(yǔ))
只能用that而不能用which的情況:
1. 先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.
2. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如:The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing, something, few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時(shí),或是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時(shí)。如:Tom told his father all that had happened.
There is little that I can do for you.
4. 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如:They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.
5. 先行詞被the only,the very,the right等修飾時(shí)。如:This is the very book that I want to have.
6. 在which,who,whom引起的問(wèn)句中,為避免重復(fù)。如:Who is the girl that talked to you yesterday?
7. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如:China is not the country that it was.
只能用which,不能用that的情況:
1. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。如:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long histroy.
2. 在介詞后面,即“介詞+which(指物)”。如:This is the house in which we lived three years ago.
[as]
關(guān)系代詞as代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞, 在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常和such, the same, as(so)連用, 構(gòu)成such ... as, the same ... as, as/so ... as等結(jié)構(gòu),在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如:
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face. (在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))
I have the same trouble as you have. (在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ))
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (在定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ))
但是當(dāng)先行詞被the same修飾時(shí),that也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但意義有所不同。the same ... as(指同樣或同類(lèi)的), the same ... that(指同一個(gè))。例如:
This is the same watch as I lost.
This is the same watch that I lost.
as也可單獨(dú)使用,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分,放在句首、句中或句末。如:
As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (指代整個(gè)主句,在從句中做主語(yǔ))
He is late, as is often the case. (指代整個(gè)主句,在從句中做主語(yǔ))
Light, as everybody knows, travels much faster than sound. (指代整個(gè)主句,在從句中做賓語(yǔ))
as和which作關(guān)系代詞的用法比較:
which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后,which指代前面的一個(gè)句子或主句中的某一成分;as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句能放在主句之前、中、后,既可指前面已經(jīng)提到的情況,也可指后面提到的情況。
as引導(dǎo)從句時(shí),有“為人所熟知”的含義,which則沒(méi)有這層意思。as引導(dǎo)的從句往往表示的是一種附加說(shuō)明,which引導(dǎo)的從句一般是較為重要的陳述。如:
His mother is ill, which makes him very sad.
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
[關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句]
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when/during which we worked in the factory.
This is the village where /in which he was born.
I don’t know the reason why/for which she looks unhappy today.
[判定用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞]
關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選用,應(yīng)看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么成分:若作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系代詞who,whom,that,which,whose,as等;若作狀語(yǔ), 就用where, when, why等關(guān)系副詞。如:
The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Sunday. (狀語(yǔ))
The reason that/which he gave us sounded reasonable. (賓語(yǔ))
Pisa is a city, which has a leaning tower. (主語(yǔ))
Pisa is a city, where there is a leaning tower. (狀語(yǔ))
[介詞+關(guān)系代詞]
當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),就出現(xiàn)了“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)用“介詞+which”,指人時(shí)用“介詞+whom”,且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。而這種結(jié)構(gòu)中較難解決的問(wèn)題是介詞的選擇問(wèn)題:
1. 介詞的確定可以根據(jù)整個(gè)句意來(lái)確定。
Oxygen is a kind of gas, without which we couldn’t live.
2. 介詞可以根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配來(lái)確定。
He gave me the book for which he paid a lot of money. (動(dòng)詞與介詞搭配)
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded. (名詞與介詞搭配)
The snake, of which she used to be afraid, is her favorite animal now. (形容詞與介詞搭配)
定語(yǔ)從句的用法講解相關(guān)文章:
1.英語(yǔ)中as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的相關(guān)講解