英語什么是定語表示法位置的規(guī)律
英語什么是定語表示法位置的規(guī)律
英語定語形式多樣,有前置定語、后置定語,還有定語從句,英語定語的翻譯也呈現(xiàn)出多樣化。用大量實用、生動的例句詳細分析了各種英語定語在漢譯過程中的轉(zhuǎn)換方法。英語什么是定語呢？下面是學習啦小編整理的英語什么是定語，歡迎閱讀。
英語什么是定語
定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。 主要有形容詞，此外還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、分詞、定語從句或相當于形容詞的詞、短語或句子都可以作定語。 漢語中常用‘……的’表示。
定語和中心語之間是修飾和被修飾、限制和被限制的關(guān)系。
在漢語中，中心語與定語二者之間有的需要用結(jié)構(gòu)助詞“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。 “的”是定語的標志。在英語語法中，定語有許多的運用，需要遵循很多相關(guān)規(guī)律。
英語中定語位置的規(guī)律
在英語表達中，一個名詞常常會有一個或多個形容詞或名詞做定語來說明其性質(zhì)、特征、用途等?？忌诮獯鹋c這種語言現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的題目時，常不知道怎樣確定多個定語的排列順序。本文擬從九個方面予以探討性解答，以資備考。
一、前位限定詞總在前面。
前位限定詞指many，much，any，some，no，(a)little，(a)few等表示數(shù)量的形容詞，
數(shù)詞one，two，three
以及形容詞性的物主代詞my，his，her，⋯ ， 還有all，both，every等不定代詞。如：
1. many Chinese students
2. two exciting days
3. my favorite English songs
二、主觀詞+客觀詞。說話人對事物主觀性評價的定語在前，客觀性評價的定語在后。如：
1. our great powerful motherland，
2. the beautiful large garden,
3. a comfortable bright meeting-room,
4. any lovely clever children
三、序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞。碰到數(shù)詞定語時，一般地，序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后。如：
1. the first three newcomers,
2. the last few weeks
3. 一How was your recent visit to Qingdao?—It was great.We visited 8 friends, and spent the days at the seaside .
A.few last sunny B.1ast few sunny
C.1ast sunny few D.few sunny hst
答案B。
四、少音節(jié)詞+多音節(jié)詞。當幾個形容詞同時修飾一個名詞時，還可以根據(jù)行文習慣，通過音節(jié)的多少來確定定語的順序。如：
1) an old exalting story
2) my new Australian friend
3) two tall strong-looking policemen
4) a good effective method.
五、(制作)方式+材料+用途。當有幾個名詞做定語時，常以這種方式排列。如：
1) a handmade wood chair
2) a newly-built stone store house
六、“縣官行令殺國才”。該諧音語中的“縣”指前位“限定詞”，“官”指冠詞，“行”指表示事物形狀(大小、長短、高矮等)的詞，“令”指表示人或事物的年齡、新舊的詞，“殺”為“色”的諧音，指表示色彩的詞，“國”指國家、地區(qū)(產(chǎn)地)的詞，“才”指(制作的)材料。如：
1. all the long old white stone bridges
2. a high old grey stone building
3. her lovely children
應(yīng)注意的是在運用中不一定這幾個定語同時出現(xiàn)，但順序卻是不變的。如：
1. all the long bridges
2. the old white walls
3. the widest Chinese river
4. a newly built Japanese factory
七、由such，so等構(gòu)成的特殊短語做定語時，常有下列句型：
(1)such/what/quite +a(an)+adj.+ n.
(2)so/too/how/as+ adj. +a(an)+ n.
(3)亦可有句型：a(an)+quite/rather+ adj. a(n)+ n),如：
1. It is such a beautiful day，isn’t it?
2. How beautiful a country China is!
3. You are as brave a boy as the little hero, aren't you?
4. It was quite a cold day(a quite cold day).
八、定語后置情況。
(1)不定代詞的定語要后置。如：
1. Is there anything nice recently?
2. The boy found something strange in that room.
(2)副詞做定語要后置。某些表示地點、方位、時間的副詞作定語時，通常要后置。常見作后置定語的副詞有：back, here, there, above, below,，abroad，in，out，before，yesterday，downstairs, upstairs等等。如： 1) I bought it on my way home. Who else wants to try? 2) The people there are very polite to visitors. 3) The air here is very fresh. 這兒的空氣很新鮮。 4) Listen to the tape and fill in the correct information in the space below. 5) The people there are very friendly. 那里的人們非常友好。
6) The child was lost in the crowd and couldn’t find the way back.那個孩子在人群中迷路了，找不到回去的路了。 7) When do you think the inventions in the pictures above were made? 你認為上面圖片里的物體是什么時候發(fā)明的? 8) The man downstairs got home very late that night.樓下的那個人那天晚上回來得很晚。 9) It had been fine the day before. 前一天的天氣很好。
10)Please fetch me the electric shaver from the room downstairs.請幫我把樓下房間里的電動剃須刀拿來。
11) It is for the people on the floors.
(3)短語構(gòu)成的定語要后置。如：
1. I've got a letter to type out.
2. He’s such a man—easy to get along with.
(4)以a一開頭的形容詞常做表語，做定語時后置。常用形容詞有alone，alive，awake，asleep等。如：
1. There stood a high tower—alone on the bank of the lake.
2. The boy caught a strange fish—alive in the pond now.
九、由數(shù)字構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞做定語。如：
1. She has an eight-year-old brother.(前置定語)
2. She has a brother of eight years old.(后置定語)
3. They built a five-hundred-meter-long bridge over the river.
4. They built a bridge of five hundred metres over the river.
應(yīng)當注意的是，有連字符時前置，不管數(shù)字是多少，名詞要用單數(shù)，后置定語時去掉連字符，名詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
鞏固性小練習
1)There’s— — with my watch.I'll have it repaired.
A.anything wrong B.something wrong
C.wrong anything D.wrong something
2)The_____policemen are very kind to the visitors.
A.British tall young B.British young tall
C.tall British young D.tall young British
3)Helen is reading_____story when the teacher carne secretly close to her desk.
A.a detective old exciting
B.an old detective exciting
C.an old exciting detective
D.an exciting old detective
答案：B D C
參考文后：定語后置現(xiàn)象小結(jié):
十、名詞做定語應(yīng)注意的問題
1)名詞用做定語時，通常以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)(即使這個作定語的名詞有復(fù)數(shù)意義也是這樣)。例如：
book store(書店)tooth brush(牙刷)
newspaper reporter
traffic lights(交通燈)
coffee cup(咖啡杯)
gold watch(金表)
stone bridges (石橋)
winter vacation(寒假) night school(夜校)
枷friend(女朋友) work plan(T作計劃)
2)有些總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞，在用做定語時，也往往用其單數(shù)形式。例如： trouser pocket(褲兜)
trouser legs褲腿
a trouser factory褲子工廠
shoe shop(鞋店)
shoelace鞋帶
shoemaker制[補]鞋工人, 鞋鋪老板
3)但是sports，goods，customs，arms，savings和accounts等名詞做定語時，仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
sports meet運動會
customs officer 海關(guān)官員
goods-train 貨車
savings bank儲蓄銀行
4)一些以. cs結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞做定語時，詞尾不變;一些以一S結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞用做定語時，仍用原來形式，詞尾不變。例如：
politics professor 政治教授
physics teacher物理教師
news reporter新聞指導(dǎo)員
5)當數(shù)詞與單位名詞一起用做定語時，單位名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：
five miles’-——a five-mile walk
two hours’------- a two-hour plan
fifteen years’——a fifteen-year-old boy
thirty pounds’——a thirty-pound note
注意：名詞做形容詞表示單位用單數(shù)形式。例如：
a nine~storey building一座九層大樓
two twenty-inch rulers兩把二英尺長的尺子
6)man和woman作定語
若將man, woman置于名詞前作定語，則man, woman的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后名詞的數(shù)一致。如： a woman teacher 一位女教師
two women teachers 兩位女教師
a woman doctor女醫(yī)生
two women doctors兩位女醫(yī)生
a woman athlete; 女運動員;two women athletes; 兩位女運動員;
a woman electrician. 女電工技師
two women electricians. 兩位女電工技師a man cook (men cooks) 男廚師
十一、定語后置現(xiàn)象小結(jié):
定語大多放在被修飾中心詞的前面，但也存在不少的后置現(xiàn)象，
一)形容詞作后置定語的幾種情況
1. 當形容詞修飾由 any-, every-, no-, some- 和 -body,-one, -thing 等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，形容詞需要后置。
2. 當形容詞修飾起名詞作用的 anywhere ， somewhere 時，通常后置。
3. 以 -able 或 -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞一般充當后置定語，表示暫時的特征或現(xiàn)象，而且中心名詞前大多有形容詞最高級或 all, only, every 等。
4. 以字母 a- 開頭的表語形容詞，如 asleep, awake, afraid, afloat, alive 等作定語時，通常后置。
5. else 修飾疑問代詞時，須后置。
6. 當形容詞前有 so, more, most 等詞修飾時，常后置。
7. 形容詞短語通常后置，其功能相當于一個定語從句。
8. 兩個或兩個以上的形容詞用 and 或 or 連接作定語，表示強調(diào)意義時要后置。
9. 形容詞比較結(jié)構(gòu)須后置定語。
10. 有些形容詞作前置定語時和后置定語時所表達的意義不同。
二)副詞 here, there, in, out, above, below, home, abroad, before, yesterday 等作定語時，需要后置。
三)介詞短語作定語時須后置。
四)、動詞不定式(短語)作定語時須后置。
五)單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)作定語時，如果強調(diào)的不是永久的特點，而僅是分詞本身的動作時，通常后置;分詞短語則須作后置定語。例如：
六)定語從句通常用作后置定語。
英語定語表示法
一、 名詞作前置定語
名詞作前置定語應(yīng)注意：
1. 通常表示在以下幾種情況。
(1) 中心詞的用途或功能: a milk bottle, eye drops
(2)發(fā)生的時間: an evening party, birthday card, summer vacation
(3) 處所: Tsinghua University, Tian An Men Square, Nanjing Road
(4) 性別或身份: a boy friend, a baby kangaroo
(5) 性質(zhì)或類別: the paper tiger, the time table
2. man和woman作定語時應(yīng)注意其單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例a man doctor---men doctors 男醫(yī)生
a woman engineer---women engineers 女工程師
3. 表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體等的名詞作定語可以用加’s所有格的形式。
例today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk, China’s industry
4. 某些名詞如sports, goods, clothes, sales等作定語時只用復(fù)數(shù)。
例a sports car 一輛跑車
a sales manager 一位銷售經(jīng)理
5. 名詞作定語和所有格作定語的區(qū)別。
例girl friend 女朋友---the girl’s friend 那位女孩的朋友
women drivers 女司機--- the woman’s driver 那位婦女的司機
1. The_____ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycle shops D. bicycles’ shop
2. He dropped the____ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup key BD
注：名詞作定語修飾另一名詞，若前后兩個名詞都是人或物時，一般不用’s所有格形式。 例 My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.
Today country music has returned.
二、 分詞作前置定語或后置定語
分詞作定語時：
1. 應(yīng)注意它與被修飾的名詞之間的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系;過去分詞則與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。因此，現(xiàn)在分詞帶有主動和進行的意義，過去分詞帶有被動和完成的意義。
2. 一般地說，單個分詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前作前置定語;分詞短語作定語時，則放在被修飾的名詞之后作后置定語。
例 a developing country 發(fā)展中國家
a developed country 發(fā)達國家
The boy singing now is a classmate of mine.
1. The disc, digitally _________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
2. The picture_____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
3. The Olympic Games, _____in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
key ABC
三、動名詞作前置定語
動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的形式一樣，都由動詞+ing構(gòu)成，都可作定語，動名詞所修飾的一般是物，表示所修飾名詞的用途、性質(zhì)或功能，具有名詞的性質(zhì)，它同所修飾的名詞間不存在主謂關(guān)系。
例a walking(為動名詞) stick=a stick which is used for walking
an ironing(為動名詞) board=a board which is used for ironing
a sleeping (為現(xiàn)在分詞) boy=a boy who is sleeping 在睡覺的男孩
a sleeping (為動名詞) bag=a bag which is used for sleeping 睡袋
四、動詞不定式作后置定語
動詞不定式作定語應(yīng)注意：
1. 表示將要發(fā)生的動作，有時根據(jù)句意需要加上介詞，這時介詞不能省略，因為被修飾的名
詞是它的賓語。
例The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.
We have only a small cold room to live in.
2. 用于修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no, all, any等限定的中心詞。
例 Marie Curie became the first woman in France to be a university professor.
She was the first person in the word to receive two Nobel Prize.
He was the best man to do the job.
3. 根據(jù)不同的句意，不定式可用主動語態(tài)或被動語態(tài)。
例 Have you got anything to post? (post的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”)
Have you got anything to be posted?(post的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)
There are some plates to wash (to be washed).
1. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything______?
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
2. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_______ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing key BB
五、形容詞作前置定語或后置定語
1. 多個形容詞修飾一個名詞時，與該名詞關(guān)系密切的、反應(yīng)名詞最本質(zhì)的形容詞最靠近該名詞，一般排序如下： 限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞+描繪性形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形容詞+ 新舊、老幼形容詞+ 顏色+ 國籍+ 材料+ 被修飾的名詞。
2. 形容詞修飾以-body,-one,-thing,-where結(jié)尾的復(fù)合不定代詞，常作后置定語。
例 I have something important to tell you.
We didn’t meet anybody new at the party.
3. 多數(shù)以a-開頭的形容詞，如afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed, alike等只能作后置定語。
Until recently, the only milu deer alive in the world belonged to the Duke of Bedford in English.
1.---How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the____ days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
2. ________students are required to take part in the boat race.
A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young
C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese
3. John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _______ car.
A. large German white B. large white German
C. white large German D. German large white
4. The house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years.
A. little white wooden B. little wooden white
C. white wooden little D. wooden white little
5. This_______ girl is Linda’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
key BABAA
六、數(shù)詞作前置定語
數(shù)詞作定語應(yīng)注意：
1. 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時，序數(shù)詞通常在前。
例 the first five pages of the book 這本書的前五頁
2. 序數(shù)詞前通常加定冠詞the，表順序，但也可以加不定冠詞a/an，表示“又，再”。 例Try a second time and you’ll succeed. 再試一次，你會成功。
1. Many students signed up for the______ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A. 800-metre-long B.800-metres-long C. 800 metre length D.800 metres length
key A
七、代詞作前置定語
形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞修飾名詞都作前置定語。
1.---Have you finished your report yet?
---No, I’ll finish it in_____ ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less
2. ---Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
---I’m afraid day is possible.
A. either B. neither C. some D. any
key AB
注：another和more的用法：another+數(shù)詞+名詞，而數(shù)詞+more+名詞。
another two hours
two more hours
八、副詞作后置定語
副詞修飾名詞作定語時常后置，常見的副詞here, there, out, up, down, home, abroad, together 等。
例 The peasants there are very friendly.
I met Mr. Wang on my way home.
九、介詞短語作后置定語
介詞短語修飾名詞或代詞只能作后置定語。 如例 The girl in a red coat is my sister.
One of the most important temples in danger was the one at Abu Symbol.
Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place.
十、從句作后置定語
(1)先行詞的選擇;
(2)非限制性定語從句的判斷及先行詞的使用;
(3)定語從句與其他從句的區(qū)別。解題時應(yīng)注意分析具體的語義、語境及句子結(jié)構(gòu)，首先應(yīng)判斷先行詞在句中擔當何種成分，再選擇不同的關(guān)系代詞或副詞。
1. There are two buildings; _____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
2. The place_______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
A. which, where B. at which, which C. at which, where D. which, in which
3. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what, when B. that, which C. what, which D. which, that
4. His sister has become a lawyer, _____she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
5. There were dirty marks on her trousers____ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. what
6. ____is often the case, we have work out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
key DCADAD
注：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活，可位于句首、句中、句末，而which在定語從句中可以作主語或賓語，不能位于句首。
II定語的后置
在英語中，如果定語是由一個單詞表示時，通常要前置。而由一個詞組或一個句子表示時，通常則后置。而以下情況是由單個單詞作定語并后置的幾種現(xiàn)象。
一、形容詞enough作定語，而著重點又是強調(diào)它所修飾的那個名詞，或者它所修飾的名詞起形容詞作用且前面不加冠詞時，通常要后置。例如：
I haven't time enough to do the work.我沒有足夠的時間做那件工作。
He hasn't man enough to admit his mistake.他沒有勇于認錯的大丈夫氣概。
二、當定語是一個形容詞，它所修飾的是由any-,every-, some-等跟-body, -one,-thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞時，通常后置。例如：
There is some- thing important in today's newspaper.今天的報紙上有條重要新聞。
He wanted to get someone reliable to help in this work.他想找個可靠的人幫忙做這項工作。
三、它所修飾的詞前面有用以加強語氣的the one等之類的詞語時須后置。定語由形容詞表示，它所修飾的詞是起名詞作用的anywhere, somewhere等時，也須后置。例如： This is the one thing needful.這是唯一需要的東西。
Can you find anywhere quiet?你能找個清靜的地方嗎?
He has been sent to somewhere particular.他被派到某個特定的地方去了。
四、定語由here, there, in, out, home, above, below, abroad, before, yesterday等副詞充當時，往往要后置。例如：
He is on his way home.他在回家途中。
Can you tell me something about the social system there?你能給我講講那里的社會制度嗎?
It had been fine the day before.前一天的天氣很好。
五、定語為現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞時，如果它強調(diào)的不是比較永久的特點，而是分詞本身的動作，則通常要后置。例如：
Most of the people singing are the students.唱歌的人多數(shù)是學生。
Their high standard showed the progress made.他們的高水平表明了他們?nèi)〉玫倪M步。
六、定語由某些以-able或-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞充當時，有時也后置。這類后置定語有時只表示暫時的特征、現(xiàn)象等。例如：
It's the only solution possible.這是唯一可能采取的解決辦法。
Are there any tickets available?還有票嗎?
That's the only star visible now.那是顆現(xiàn)在唯一可見的星。
七、有些只具有表語功能的形容詞作定語時，必須后置。例如：
He was the only person awake at the moment.他是那時唯一醒著的人。
He is one of the few workers alive today who took part in the strike.他是參加過這次罷工還活著的少數(shù)工人之一。
八、else用來修飾復(fù)合代詞、疑問代詞等時，必須后置。例如：
Little else remains to be done.沒有剩下什么事要做的了。
Who else wanted to go there?還有誰想去那兒?
九、在某些固定搭配中，單詞作定語也常常要后置。例如： the sum total總數(shù) secretary general秘書 the third person singular第三人稱單數(shù)
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4.定語從句的用法