英語什么是動(dòng)詞不定式用法大全
英語什么是動(dòng)詞不定式用法大全
英語動(dòng)詞不定式有動(dòng)詞特征和非動(dòng)詞特征,這些特征在漢語句式中得到充分體現(xiàn),本文探討動(dòng)詞不定式與漢語句式之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,提示語法句式組合的規(guī)律與法則與人們的思維方式有一定的關(guān)系。那么英語什么是動(dòng)詞不定式呢？下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的英語什么是動(dòng)詞不定式，歡迎閱讀。
英語什么是動(dòng)詞不定式
在語法中，動(dòng)詞不定式是指動(dòng)詞的一種不帶詞形變化從而不指示人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)的形式。它之所以被叫做不定式，是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不被限定，或者說不被詞形變化所局限。不定式屬于非謂語動(dòng)詞。
然而在一些語言里(例如葡萄牙語)，存在著受時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)量影響的不定式形態(tài)。亦有些語言完全沒有不定式，例如阿拉伯語、保加利亞語和現(xiàn)代希臘語。
在外語學(xué)習(xí)的課程中，動(dòng)詞不定式的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被稱作“詞典用詞”，因?yàn)樗话惚挥米髟~典中該動(dòng)詞的詞頭。
動(dòng)詞不定式可以作以上各種成分，但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞，所以有動(dòng)詞的屬性。
動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語，雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語，但它表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作一定由使動(dòng)者發(fā)出。這一使動(dòng)者我們稱之為邏輯主語。
英語中的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成
動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成：to+ do(動(dòng)詞原形)
否定式：not to+do 動(dòng)詞原形
動(dòng)詞不定式特點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)立作謂語?？梢栽诰渥又凶髦髡Z、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語.
一. 帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 我們學(xué)過的能直接跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like , love, stop, go, come等。
二. 不帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：
1. 在固定詞組had better之后。注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。 例如：You had better go home now. 你最好現(xiàn)在回家。
It's cold outside. You’d better not go out. 外面很冷，你最好不要出去。
2. 在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役動(dòng)詞后，要跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
例如：I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他們把錢還給我。
I didn’t see you come in. 我沒看見你進(jìn)來。
3. 在引導(dǎo)疑問句的why not之后。
“Why not+不帶to的不定式”是“Why don’t you do…”的省略，可以用來提出建議或勸告。 例如: Why not go with us? 為什么不和我們一起去呢?
Why not take a holiday? =Why don’t you take a holiday? 為什么不休假呢?
三.動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能：
(一)作主語
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，現(xiàn)代英語傾向于采用it作形式主語，而把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置的形式。 e.g. It’s easy (for me) to do that.
我做這事太容易了。
It’s so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
It’s very kind of you to help us. 承蒙惠助，不勝感激。
(二) 作賓語
在下列動(dòng)詞后用不定式作賓語：
afford; agree; ask; decide; want; expect; hope; fail; happen; help; learn;
mean; manage; offer; plan; promise; refuse; wish; forget; remember…
e.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
It is raining hard. Jack is holding a newspaper over his head.
He forgot to take an umbrella.
雨下得很大。Jack頭上頂著一張報(bào)紙。他忘記帶傘了。
(三) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語
動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語是動(dòng)詞不定式用法的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注意以下三種情況：
1. 作動(dòng)詞ask, like, tell等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to不可以省略。 e.g. He asked me to talk about English study. 他請(qǐng)我談?wù)動(dòng)⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)的問題。
2. 作使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make以及感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to要省略。
e.g. The teacher made him say the word like this. 老師讓他像這樣說這個(gè)單詞。
3. 作動(dòng)詞help的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to可以帶，也可以不帶。
e.g. Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box? 你能幫我搬這個(gè)重箱子嗎?
(四) 作定語
不定式作定語，要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。
e.g. After he finished college, he had a lot of jobs to choose.
大學(xué)畢業(yè)之后，他有許多工作可選。
I have nothing to say on this question.
對(duì)這個(gè)問題我無可奉告。
He has something important to tell her.
他有重要的事情要告訴她。
(五) 作狀語
動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語具有副詞的特性，可在句中用作狀語。
1. 放在句首也可以放在句尾表示目的等。
e.g. He stopped to have a rest. 他停下來休息。
2. 跟在作表語的形容詞或過去分詞的后面。
e.g. I’m sorry to hear that. 聽到這事我感到很難過。
3. 用在too...to...結(jié)構(gòu)中。
e.g. He is too young to understand it. 他太年輕，理解不了這件事。
動(dòng)詞不定式用法大全
一、結(jié)構(gòu)：to+動(dòng)詞原形 (not +to+vt, 疑問詞+to+vt)
二、功能：主語、表語、賓語、定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語或單獨(dú)使用。
三、特征：保留動(dòng)詞的某些特性，可以有自己的賓語、狀語等構(gòu)成不定式短語。
四、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式
完成式 to be doing 無 to have done to have been done
They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示與謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)/發(fā)生在它之后.)
He pretended to be sleeping.(在謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的同時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作也正在進(jìn)行)
She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前)
Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_____ everything. ( 01年高考)
A. to tell B. to be told
C. to be telling D. to have been told
He is considered ____ the first computer.(MET93 34)
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
五、用法
1、作主語
1) 用it作形式主語。(帶疑問詞的不定式不能用形式主語代替)
2)不定式可以有自己的邏輯主語，由for或of引出，加在不定式短語前面。
下列形容詞做表語時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語由 of 引出：
careless粗心的，clever聰明的，cruel殘忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘氣的，nice好的，polite禮貌的，right正確的，rude無禮的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong錯(cuò)誤的
這些形容詞都是描寫人的性格和特點(diǎn)的形容詞。“It is + 形容詞 +of sb + to do sth”這樣的句型更強(qiáng)調(diào)某人如何如何，可以改寫為：“Sb + be + 形容詞 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”這一結(jié)構(gòu)更強(qiáng)調(diào)做某事如何如何。
注意：It is difficult for me to learn English. 更強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)英語很難，不能寫成
I am difficult to learn English. (這句話含有邏輯錯(cuò)誤。)
3)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. It was necessary to talk with his mother.
How to make requests politely is important.(不用it)
2、作表語
動(dòng)詞不定式作表語，常說明主語的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征。如：
1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.
2.The first thing is to greet the teacher.
3、作賓語
1)可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞主要有：
要求選擇同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望決定學(xué)習(xí)(expect, hope, decide, learn)，寧可假裝知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love) We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
Id love to visit Mexico.
2)feel, find, make, think等動(dòng)詞后有不定式作賓語且又帶賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要用it作形式賓語代替真正的賓語——動(dòng)詞不定式
I find it difficult to remember everything.
3)不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
A不定式作賓語表一次、數(shù)次的具體動(dòng)作、將來動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的全過程，ving形式表習(xí)慣性的連續(xù)動(dòng)作、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.
2)I like to eat vegetables.
B接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語意思不同的7個(gè)動(dòng)詞
(1) remember to do sth. 記住要做某事
remember doing sth. 記住曾做過某事
(2) forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記曾做過某事
(3) regret to do sth. 后悔(遺憾)要做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔(遺憾)曾做過某事
(4) try to do sth. 設(shè)法要做某事
try doing sth. 做某事試試看有何效果
(5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味著做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
(7) go on to do sth. 做完某事后接著做另一事
go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事
(8)stop to do sth. 停下來去做某事(目的狀語)
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事，。
When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.
I stopped using them last year.
3、作補(bǔ)語
1) 帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求允許提議(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀請(qǐng)鼓勵(lì)(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教導(dǎo)告訴想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：
I'd invite her to have dinner at my house.
Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
2)不帶to不定式作補(bǔ)語，多數(shù)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，包括五“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，notice三“讓”：have, let, make，二“聽”：hear, listen to，一“感覺”：feel。另外find如：
Your word makes me feel happy!
we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.
但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)句里帶to如：
He was seen to smoke here.
He was found to steal in the shop.
3)有些動(dòng)詞如： permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider 后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，接動(dòng)名詞作賓語即V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth
e.g. ：
The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.(建議)
Please permit me to introduce myself to you first.允許
You surely can't consider him to be a selfish man.認(rèn)為
My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night.禁止
I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.讓
advise/permit/allow/admit/forbid/consider doing sth.
The little boy admitted having broken the glass.承認(rèn)
They shouldn't allow parking in the street ; it's too narrow.允許
I forbid smoking in my house.禁止
We do not permit smoking in the office.允許
4、作定語
1) 用不定式作定語的幾種情況：
A不定式表將來：
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
B用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞。如：
He was the best man to do the job.
He was always the first to come and the last to leave.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.
C 用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常見的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：
Do you have the ability to read and write English ?
I have a chance to go sight –seeing.
2) 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
I need a piece of paper to write on. 我需要一張寫字用的紙。
但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。
如：He had no money and no place to live (in).
We found a way to solve this problem (in).
2) 當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：
Have you anything to send ? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?(不定式to send 的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”) Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?
5、作狀語
1)目的狀語，置于句首或句末，置于句首時(shí)常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：
I study hard to improve my English.
A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. so as to do一般不置于句首，還可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句
2)原因狀語，多見于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：
I feel very lucky to have the gift.
He had run out of money to buy old bikes.
3)結(jié)果狀語，多見于“too...to”，“enough to...”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：
Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?
The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.
6、不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)
1)在某些固定句型中, 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語, 用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
(1)have(give, show, find )sth. to do
在這種句型中的不定式與前邊的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。
例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 與I是主謂關(guān)系。否則, 在表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí), 仍需要被動(dòng)式。試比較:
Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做嗎? (to do是由you發(fā)出的)
Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要帶給你父母的東西嗎? (誰帶不得而知) Please get me something to read. 請(qǐng)給我弄點(diǎn)讀的材料。
(2)It(This, That)+be+a/an+adj. + n. +to do
在這種句型中, 不定式與前面的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞不定式可改為動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 這是個(gè)難答的問題。
question與to answer為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。to answer可改為 for me to answer。再如:
It is an easy sentence to translate. 這個(gè)句子很容易翻譯。
(3)There +be +n. +to do
在此句型中, 用來修飾主語的不定式, 可用主動(dòng)式, 也可用被動(dòng)式, 只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。用主動(dòng)式作定語, 重點(diǎn)在人, 用被動(dòng)式作定語, 重點(diǎn)在物。
例如:沒有時(shí)間可以耽誤?？勺g成:There is no time to lose(to be lost). 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 誰 lost time不明確。
但下述兩句用主動(dòng)不定式與被動(dòng)不定式意義不同:
a. There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. )現(xiàn)在沒事干。
b. There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now. )現(xiàn)在沒辦法了。
a. There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)沒有東西值得看。
b. There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)看不見什么東西。
2)在某些“形容詞+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)中, 不定式有被動(dòng)意義, 與句子主語構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。其句型有:
(1)n. +be+adj. +to do
The job is very easy to do. 這工作很容易做。
(2)n. +be+too+adj. +to do
The thing is too small to see. 這東西太小看不見。
(3)n. +be +adj. +enough to do
The book is cheap enough to buy. 這本書很便宜可以買。
3)某些動(dòng)詞, 如to let, to blame (責(zé)備), to seek(尋找)用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。
例如:
The house is to let. 這房子要出租。
Who is to blame for it? 這得怪誰?
The reason is not far to seek. 這理由不難找到。
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