關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文摘抄精選
關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文摘抄精選
在當(dāng)今生活與經(jīng)濟(jì)日益全球化的社會(huì)中，外國(guó)語(yǔ)已成為世界各國(guó)公民都必備的基本素質(zhì)之一。英語(yǔ)作為國(guó)際化語(yǔ)言，它在世界交流與溝通之中的媒介作用也是越來(lái)越重要。學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理了關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文，歡迎閱讀!
關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文：Scientific Theories
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”
Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
在科學(xué)中，理論是對(duì)所觀察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的模型，
這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家構(gòu)想所觀察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運(yùn)動(dòng)理論便是我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子。
在這個(gè)理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)的小顆粒組成。一個(gè)有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過(guò)去的觀測(cè)，還有助于預(yù)測(cè)那些未被觀測(cè)到的事件。一個(gè)理論公開(kāi)
后，科學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論。如果觀察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，這個(gè)理論則得到了驗(yàn)證。如果觀察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究。
或許是實(shí)驗(yàn)存在錯(cuò)誤，或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄?？茖W(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗(yàn)外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng)/造性思維。事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué)。
正如數(shù)學(xué)家喬斯?亨利?波恩克爾所說(shuō)："科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱作科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。
"多數(shù)科學(xué)家通過(guò)找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問(wèn)題上的所知來(lái)開(kāi)始研究。在收集了已知事實(shí)之后，科學(xué)家開(kāi)始了研究中需要相當(dāng)想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂
對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設(shè)。在某種意義上，任何假
設(shè)都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學(xué)家的思維超越已知事實(shí)?？茖W(xué)家計(jì)劃實(shí)驗(yàn)、計(jì)算、觀測(cè)以檢驗(yàn)假定。若沒(méi)有假設(shè)，進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。
當(dāng)假設(shè)被證實(shí)了，就成為理論的一部分。
關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文：Telecommuting
Telecommuting-- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.
But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.
Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.
Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對(duì)各種各樣的辦公室工作問(wèn)題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。
對(duì)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。
對(duì)管理者來(lái)說(shuō)，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過(guò)省去辦公室與家之間的來(lái)回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨(dú)處的時(shí)間來(lái)完成需要高
度集中精神的任務(wù)，為管理者提供靈活的時(shí)間安排。在一些地區(qū)，如南加利福尼亞和西雅
圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵(lì)公司開(kāi)始電子交通計(jì)劃以減少交通高峰時(shí)的塞車和提高空氣質(zhì)量。但這些益處也來(lái)之不易。
要使電子交通成功需要仔細(xì)的計(jì)劃并且理解電子交通的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況和流行的想象之間的區(qū)別。許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)
員從紐約市搬到了寧?kù)o的阿第倫達(dá)克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯(lián)系。一位經(jīng)理一
周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作;一位會(huì)計(jì)師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調(diào)制解調(diào)器的接頭，在同醫(yī)生通話之余完成辦公室工作。
這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)有限的反映。電子交通者很快發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一時(shí)間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在
某個(gè)年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識(shí)到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。如果家長(zhǎng)要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。管理階層必須把現(xiàn)實(shí)同神話分開(kāi)。
雖然傳媒對(duì)電子交通投入了極大的關(guān)注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實(shí)際情況而不是技術(shù)的可能性促成電子交通的安排。
這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報(bào)導(dǎo)，具有在家工作項(xiàng)目或行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的公司數(shù)目依然很少的部分原因。
關(guān)于初中生英語(yǔ)美文：The origin of Refrigerators
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
冰箱的由來(lái)
直到19世紀(jì)中期，"冰箱"這個(gè)名詞才進(jìn)入了美國(guó)語(yǔ)言，但冰僅僅只是開(kāi)始影響美國(guó)普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。
冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚(yú)和黃油的保鮮。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時(shí)也進(jìn)入了民用。
甚至在1880年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費(fèi)城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一
在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進(jìn)入家庭使用，因?yàn)橐环N新的家庭設(shè)備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。制造一臺(tái)有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。
19世紀(jì)早期，關(guān)于對(duì)冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識(shí)是很淺陋的。認(rèn)為最好的冰箱應(yīng)該防止冰的融化這樣一個(gè)
普遍的觀點(diǎn)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檎潜娜诨鹆酥评渥饔?。早期為?jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來(lái)，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19
世紀(jì)末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。但早在1803年，一位有發(fā)明天才的
馬里蘭農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，托馬斯?莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。
當(dāng)他用自己設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱運(yùn)送黃油去市場(chǎng)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們會(huì)走過(guò)裝在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價(jià)更高的價(jià)格買他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬，整
齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。
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