賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別
賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別
對英語有所了解的伙伴們都知道，賓語從句，狀語從句。是兩種英語語法結(jié)構(gòu)。你知道這兩者有何區(qū)別嗎?下面就讓學(xué)習(xí)啦小編來為大家介紹一下吧，希望大家喜歡。
賓語從句
賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后.
1. 作動詞的賓語
(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?,例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 動詞+間接賓語+賓語從句.例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介詞的賓語
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容詞的賓語
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等.也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句.
4. It 可以作為形式賓語
It 不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中. 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞
這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等.這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞
有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等.例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語動詞為Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式.例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我認為這件衣服不適合你穿.)
狀語從句
(Adverbial Clause)
一 狀語從句的種類
§ 1狀語從句的種類
用來修飾謂語動詞、其它動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子的從句叫做狀語從句.狀語從句可分為：
1.時間狀語從句;(adverbial clause of time)
2.地點狀語從句;(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因狀語從句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4.條件狀語從句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的狀語從句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.讓步狀語從句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比較狀語從句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度狀語從句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式狀語從句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10.結(jié)果狀語從句.(adverbial clause of result)
§2狀語從句的時態(tài)特點
一般情況下,時間和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表示“一般將來時”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時”表示“將來完成時”.例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就給你打電話.(這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,從句中的謂語動詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時,表示一般將來時,決不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家.(從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時have finished,表示將來完成時,決不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來了,請通知我.(從句中的謂語動詞用comes back,表示一般將來時,決不可用will come back)
二 時間狀語從句
§3時間狀語從句(adverbial clause of time)
1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當你以為自己一無所知的時候,你就是在開始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當真理被埋在地下的時候,它在生長,它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時候,請你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當你的手在空氣中揮動的時候,你就能感覺到空氣在流動.
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長邊談邊笑.
【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別：when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞.并且when有時表示“就在那時”.例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她進來時,我在吃飯.(瞬時動詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時,我常常為他擔水.(延續(xù)性的動詞)
We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開,就在那時他進來了.
While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生(或者相對應(yīng)).并且while有時還可以表示對比.例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動詞,was reading和was watching同時發(fā)生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球,而你喜歡打籃球.(對比)
As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動作是延續(xù)性的動作,一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生;as也可以強調(diào)“一先一后.例如：
We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱.(as表示“一邊……一邊”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時,開始下雪了.(as強調(diào)句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強調(diào)開始下雪的特定時間)
2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語,并且當before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時譯成“就,才”.還要注意主句和從句之間的時間關(guān)系.當主句用將來時,從句總是用現(xiàn)在時;如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時,則主句動詞多用過去完成時,這樣以便體現(xiàn)動作發(fā)生的先后.After表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后.主句和從句的動作的時間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反.例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個月就離婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細考慮過以后,告訴我你是怎樣決定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我們回家了.(從句用過去完成時,主句用一般過去時)
3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強調(diào)句型中多用until.并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時,必須用否定形式;如果主句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達的意思不同.例如：
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會之后他才開始教我英語.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到達之前請等我.
4.由since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句. since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞.一般情況下,從句謂語動詞用一般過去時,而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時.但在It is +時間+since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時.例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開以來,我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.這些連詞都表示“一……就”.例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息,馬上趕到了出事地點.
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就給你來電話.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當于as soon as之意.主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時.當hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時,主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序.例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家,就被邀請開始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽剛從地平線上升起,他就起床勞動去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下,他就進來了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸.
6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.注意時態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時,主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時;如果主句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時,主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時.例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來時,我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來這兒的時候,我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來哈爾濱,總是來看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當那個人說“說實在話”的時候,我猜想他就要說謊了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,見你更年輕了.
8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句.這兩個連詞表示“有多久……就多久”.例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回來就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反對這種境況.
三 地點狀語從句
§4地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)
地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如：
句型1：Where+地點從句,(there)+主句.
【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在從句后面時,there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的前面時,一般都不用there.例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的,或根本不可能的.
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人.因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎.
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來應(yīng)該把書放回原來的地方.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國共產(chǎn)黨,哪里人民得解放.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地點從句,+主句.
【注意】anywhere本身是個副詞,但是,?？梢砸龑?dǎo)從句,相當于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是個連詞,表示“在何處,無論何處”.例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員.
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