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      學(xué)習(xí)啦>學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)>英語(yǔ)閱讀>英語(yǔ)文摘>

      托福閱讀刷題步驟

      時(shí)間: 楚薇0 分享

      為了幫助大家熟悉托福閱讀,為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀該如何正確刷題一文,希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。

      托福閱讀刷題步驟

      有懂得計(jì)劃安排的大學(xué)生童鞋問(wèn)老師:剛剛接觸托福,有半年時(shí)間備考,要不要每天刷一套TPO閱讀題?

      題,當(dāng)然是要刷的,但是要真正合理有效地備考,不是每天刷一套就行的。教學(xué)中,老師們只要讓童鞋講一下某個(gè)句子的具體意思或是做一點(diǎn)翻譯就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),很多時(shí)候同學(xué)就算題做對(duì)了,對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的理解還是存在各種各樣的偏差。

      這些理解偏差,在句內(nèi)層面上主要是對(duì)某些多義詞在語(yǔ)境中意思的誤解,對(duì)特定句式、句型和固定表達(dá)的誤解、對(duì)邏輯關(guān)系的篡改等,在句間和段落層面上則是對(duì)層次、觀點(diǎn)展開(kāi)順序的忽視以及由句內(nèi)理解偏差累積形成的對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容把握的偏差??赡芩鼈?cè)谀车李}、某篇文章里,沒(méi)有影響到做對(duì)題目,但是從閱讀的目的——獲取知識(shí)和信息——來(lái)講,還是非常有害的。況且,就算從考試得分角度來(lái)講或許也是跑得了初一跑不了十五,下次考試就造成丟分呢。所以,在做完題目,對(duì)完答案,搞明白具體錯(cuò)題原因后,應(yīng)該至少還有兩件事情:

      一是重新精讀文章,借助詞典搞清其中的生詞并收集常用意思及相關(guān)搭配,再借助譯文,檢驗(yàn)自己對(duì)每一句的理解,若發(fā)現(xiàn)理解錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ)、句型,則去搜索更多同類(lèi)例句,直到搞明白,再挑典型、簡(jiǎn)明的例句收集。

      以O(shè)G文章Applied Arts and Fine Arts為例,它的第一段前三句如下:

      Paragraph 1:Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materialsused to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once commonto think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the"applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view offunction, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters and supports must be functional. ...

      這短短三句話(huà)就有很多“營(yíng)養(yǎng)”可“吸”。首先是tend to do sth “傾向于做某事”、refer to sth “言及、指稱(chēng)”,接下來(lái)是it is...to do sth這種it做形式主語(yǔ)的句式,還有in terms of sth “就某物而言”這個(gè)閱讀和口語(yǔ)中都非常有用的短語(yǔ),以及which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句提供補(bǔ)充性信息。細(xì)心的同學(xué)可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),"applied arts."的句號(hào)在引號(hào)里面,可能生出疑問(wèn):不是應(yīng)該在外面嗎?不是的,這種結(jié)尾有引號(hào)的情況下,要把前面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)包進(jìn)去,SAT文法里就有考這個(gè)。

      接下來(lái)的approach這里作動(dòng)詞“應(yīng)對(duì)、處理”解。這個(gè)詞有很多文章可作,可以作動(dòng)詞,本意是“(物理上)靠近、接近”,又可以指“(在性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)上)接近”,還能指“(為求助或提供某事物)接近某人”(這個(gè)用法在SAT文法可汗診斷題Toshio Fukuda那篇文章第二段末尾就出現(xiàn)過(guò));approach還可以作名詞,指“接近”、“通道”、“方法手段”等。后面的craft文中來(lái)看應(yīng)該是“手工藝制品”,它還可以指“艦、船”,比如aircraft、 spacecraft ,作動(dòng)詞時(shí)指“精工制作”。

      這句里還有from the point of view of “從某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)”,是不是也可以借鑒到寫(xiě)作中去?最后還有個(gè)there is no way around the fact that的表達(dá),每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),但是放到一起就讓人郁悶,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)同學(xué)只知道noway是“沒(méi)門(mén),沒(méi)辦法”,后面再加上“圍繞著這個(gè)事實(shí)”干嘛呀?其實(shí)根據(jù)上文和下一段開(kāi)頭,或許隱約可以感覺(jué)到這里there is no way around the fact that是指后面從句里的內(nèi)容是“無(wú)可辯駁”的,不過(guò)感覺(jué)不到的話(huà),就借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)或者詞典查出來(lái)吧。

      另外一件需要做的事情,主要是關(guān)于觀點(diǎn)層次和句子作用分析的,其中句子作用重點(diǎn)關(guān)注“舉例”(做多了同學(xué)們就會(huì)明白為什么重點(diǎn)關(guān)注“舉例”了)。

      我們繼續(xù)蹂躪那篇文章,用不同顏色標(biāo)記(紅色表示“文章級(jí)觀點(diǎn)層次”,藍(lán)色表示“段落級(jí)觀點(diǎn)層次”,黃色表示“舉例”)出觀點(diǎn)層次和句子作用,as is demonstrated below: (這里插一句,經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談,通常應(yīng)該先閱讀每段的首2末1句,整體判斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容;這篇文章實(shí)際有點(diǎn)“非主流”,不是常見(jiàn)的“總-分”或者“總-分-總”,而是“分-總”,大多數(shù)同學(xué)可以從尋找第一段的“段落級(jí)觀點(diǎn)層次”入手,聰明的同學(xué)或許已經(jīng)想到可以先看末段了解文章最終觀點(diǎn),當(dāng)然單詞和句式不能理解錯(cuò)。)

      Applied Arts and Fine Arts

      Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts."Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container inany traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike;that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.

      Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker offine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objectsare. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited interms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

      Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materialsin new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

      細(xì)心的同學(xué)可能發(fā)現(xiàn)了的,同時(shí)也是需要說(shuō)明的是:文章級(jí)別的觀點(diǎn)層次不一定總在“首2末1”范圍,畢竟寫(xiě)文章的人是活的,段首可能多寫(xiě)了一點(diǎn)鋪墊性或者過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句;第二段出現(xiàn)了紅色和藍(lán)色重疊的內(nèi)容,原因是它們既是本段內(nèi)的觀點(diǎn)層次,又表達(dá)了文章級(jí)別的觀點(diǎn)層次;舉例總是依附于觀點(diǎn)層次,因?yàn)槟康氖侵С炙鼈兟铩?/p>

      讀到這里,不知童鞋有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到,每天一篇就已經(jīng)是不小的“食量”了,當(dāng)初自己想在備考早期就每天一套TPO地刷題是有點(diǎn)細(xì)思極恐的事情。要用好TPO閱讀文章,應(yīng)該像OG另一篇文章Feeding Habits of East AfricanHerbivores里的ruminants那樣,充分吸收每篇文章的營(yíng)養(yǎng),才能扎實(shí)地進(jìn)步。

      托福閱讀提分的五個(gè)步驟

      閱讀部分是整個(gè)托??荚嚨闹攸c(diǎn),可以說(shuō)雖然有單獨(dú)的閱讀考試但是對(duì)其他聽(tīng)力、寫(xiě)作部分的考驗(yàn)也是建立在閱讀能力的基礎(chǔ)上。如何提高閱讀能力,在閱讀部分取得高分也是眾多小伙伴平時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的部分,在這里小編與大家分享一些小技巧,希望可以幫助童鞋們?nèi)〉煤贸煽?jī)。

      1.略讀

      略讀時(shí)抓出文章的主題、時(shí)間、任務(wù)等重要信息能夠迅速掌握文章的大意和段落大意。然后再閱讀問(wèn)題,根據(jù)問(wèn)題迅速定位答案所在段落進(jìn)行精讀。

      2.充分利用上下文語(yǔ)境

      在考試過(guò)程中,我們通常不會(huì)也不可能認(rèn)識(shí)所有的單詞或看懂所有的句子,遇到這種情況,不要驚慌,學(xué)會(huì)從上下文已知信息中構(gòu)建完整的文章結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)句意進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)。

      3.閱讀時(shí)隨手記筆記

      閱讀時(shí)將每一段文章大意用1 3個(gè)詞標(biāo)記出來(lái)。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)篇幅的文章就可以在略讀一遍之后迅速掌握文章整體大意,實(shí)際上這也是構(gòu)建基本大綱的過(guò)程。這個(gè)過(guò)程對(duì)于提高做題速度和正確率都有很大幫助。

      4.學(xué)會(huì)猜題

      對(duì)于托??荚嚩?,錯(cuò)題也是不扣分的,考試的時(shí)候留白也是很不明智的。

      5.閱讀

      大量閱讀是準(zhǔn)備托??荚囎詈?jiǎn)單最有效的方式。無(wú)論是什么主題、什么題材都可以作為補(bǔ)充的閱讀素材。多多閱讀書(shū)、報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)站文章可以提高閱讀能力、擴(kuò)充知識(shí)面。

      托福閱讀備考高效刷題3大核心思路

      一說(shuō)起托福閱讀備考,幾乎每個(gè)考生都會(huì)聯(lián)想到做練習(xí)上。的確,托福備考無(wú)論哪個(gè)題型都離不開(kāi)做題積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)技巧,但刷題也需要講究方法細(xì)節(jié)。無(wú)腦題海的備考效率其實(shí)不算高。如何才能高效刷題提升托福閱讀實(shí)力?下面小編就為大家做具體講解。

      刷題資料的選擇

      現(xiàn)在我們有很多托??荚囅嚓P(guān)的資料,從OG到TPO,再到機(jī)經(jīng),似乎讓人無(wú)從下手。我認(rèn)為,可以從閱讀的水平來(lái)進(jìn)行選擇,比如如果分?jǐn)?shù)在20分以下,那么可以從OG文章的閱讀開(kāi)始,再進(jìn)入TPO,如果在20分以上,可以從TPO中等難度的文章開(kāi)始,如果在25分以上,可以從TPO和機(jī)經(jīng)中較難的文章開(kāi)始,并結(jié)合平時(shí)的泛讀訓(xùn)練。而對(duì)于一些較新的閱讀題和文章,則應(yīng)該慎重選擇,因?yàn)楹芸赡茉谖恼聝?nèi)容和出題方面都有錯(cuò)誤。

      熟悉閱讀十大題型的解題思路和方法

      進(jìn)入刷題階段后,我們必須要對(duì)閱讀考試的題型非常熟悉,并要了解相應(yīng)的解題思路和技巧,但同時(shí)要防止過(guò)分注重解題技巧,而忽略上文所提到的詞匯和語(yǔ)法方面的閱讀技能訓(xùn)練,這樣,就會(huì)本末倒置,閱讀能力得不到提高,分?jǐn)?shù)也是一樣。

      學(xué)科背景知識(shí)的了解

      在平時(shí)的刷題訓(xùn)練中,可以把文章重新洗牌,按照學(xué)科進(jìn)行歸類(lèi),做完題目后,精讀文章,掌握學(xué)科相關(guān)的詞匯,并從中找到學(xué)科背景知識(shí)的一些規(guī)律,這樣,在考試中可以做到融會(huì)貫通,遇到類(lèi)似的學(xué)科知識(shí)不至于太陌生而不知所云。

      新托福閱讀真題分享

      想要更好地拿到托福閱讀的高分成績(jī),那么在平時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí)中,我們還是多進(jìn)行真題的練習(xí)。刷題是一方面,另外一方民就是多了解一些近期考試的真題,這樣能夠擴(kuò)充我們的題庫(kù),了解最新的閱讀文章的背景知識(shí),也有助于我們更好地提升閱讀水平。

      托福閱讀考試日期:

      2018年9月16日

      新托福閱讀題目回憶:

      學(xué)科分類(lèi):生物類(lèi)

      題目:birds evolution- flight

      內(nèi)容回憶:

      第一段:背景引入進(jìn)化理論,設(shè)計(jì)到了很多動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化改變,最后尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)了鳥(niǎo)的進(jìn)化比較特別,因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)開(kāi)始具備了飛翔能力

      第二段:主要涉及到鳥(niǎo)為了能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)飛行進(jìn)化上的改變:尤其涉及到Skelton上的進(jìn)化,為了讓自己飛行,鳥(niǎo)的bone是空的。

      第三段:主要涉及鳥(niǎo)為了飛行,自己翅膀的改變,很大,但是很輕,既可以確保有力量也可以讓身體很輕

      第五段: 主要論述人們制造飛機(jī)是因?yàn)閬?lái)自鳥(niǎo)飛行的一些靈感,具體展開(kāi)論述了哪些方面帶去的啟發(fā)

      托福閱讀刷題步驟相關(guān)文章:

      托福閱讀刷題步驟

      為了幫助大家熟悉托福閱讀,為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀該如何正確刷題一文,希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。托福閱讀刷題步驟有懂得計(jì)劃安排的大學(xué)生童鞋問(wèn)老師:剛剛接觸托福,有半年時(shí)間?
      推薦度:
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