漢英被動(dòng)表達(dá)的差異

時(shí)間：2020-03-31 17:54:40 美婷1257由分享

　　初中生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)最易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤是，在很多該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的地方?jīng)]有用。接下來，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了漢英被動(dòng)表達(dá)的差異,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。

　　漢英被動(dòng)表達(dá)的差異

　　比如學(xué)生經(jīng)常說出這樣的句子：The classroom has cleaned. The gas has used up. 這是因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)被字句的使用頻率很低，學(xué)生習(xí)慣于“教室打掃干凈了”、“汽油用完了”等無(wú)形式標(biāo)記被動(dòng)句的表達(dá)法，對(duì)譯成英語(yǔ)，也就忘了該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。深一層的原因是漢語(yǔ)史上被字句一般用來表示不愉快或遺憾的事情。比如人們一般問：“ 教師表?yè)P(yáng)(你)了沒有?”而不大說：“你被老師表?yè)P(yáng)了沒有?”一般說：“(我)又被老師批評(píng)了?！倍淮笳f：“老師又批評(píng)我了?！?這句話的意思似乎是老師批評(píng)得不合適。)再如：“蛋糕被貓吃掉了?！?隱含義是蛋糕本來是我們要吃的。)當(dāng)然，隨著本世紀(jì)以來漢語(yǔ)歐化句式的大量涌現(xiàn)，被字句的使用頻率大大增加，許多場(chǎng)合的被字句也并不表示不愉快，“我被老師表?yè)P(yáng)了?！币活惥渥右驳教幨褂谩５c英語(yǔ)相比，漢語(yǔ)中的被字句出現(xiàn)頻率仍低了很多。另一方面，漢語(yǔ)中存在的大量無(wú)形式標(biāo)記被動(dòng)句，如果譯成英語(yǔ)則必須用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但學(xué)生往往忘了使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這是初中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句時(shí)最易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。比如“信寫完了”常被譯成“The letter has written.”; “門鎖上了”常被譯成“The door has locked up.”對(duì)此，必須設(shè)計(jì)具體的語(yǔ)境，通過大量的英漢對(duì)比翻譯，反復(fù)操練，才能加深理解。比如：

　　教室打掃干凈了。

　　The classroom has been cleaned.

　　樹種好了。

　　The trees have been planted.

　　杯子打破了。

　　The cup was broken.

　　汽車撞壞了。

　　The car was broken.

　　書他拿走了。

　　The book has been taken away by him.

　　協(xié)議通過了。

　　The agreement has been adopted.

　　米吃光了。

　　The rice has been eaten up.

　　……

　　還有，漢語(yǔ)中有的被動(dòng)句的形式標(biāo)記不是“被”字，而是“讓”、“給”、“叫”、“受”、“遭”、“ 為…所…”等。比如：

　　那只狗叫他們給殺了。

　　The dog was killed by them.

　　小偷讓警察抓去了。

　　The thief was captured1 by a policeman.

　　鞋子給扔了。

　　The shoes have been thrown away.

　　他遭了父親一頓打。

　　He was beaten by his father.

　　我們?yōu)槟遣侩娪八袆?dòng)。

　　We were moved by that film.

　　反過來說，英語(yǔ)中許多習(xí)慣于用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的場(chǎng)合，漢語(yǔ)是不用被動(dòng)句來表述的。比如：

　　(1)據(jù)說，據(jù)報(bào)道：It was said /reported that John wonthe game.

　　(2)不明或不必說出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者：

　　We have not been told about it.

　　Such books are written for children.

　　(3)出于禮貌的表達(dá)方式：

　　You are invited to the birthday party.

　　It is thought not OK to act that way.

　　擴(kuò)展：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)

　　(以動(dòng)詞make為例)

　　(1)…is/am/are made… (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))

　　(2)…is/am/are being1 made… (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))

　　(3)…has/have been made… (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

　　(4)…was/were made… (一般過去時(shí))

　　(5)…was/were being made… (過去進(jìn)行時(shí))

　　(6)…had/been made… (過去完成時(shí))

　　(7)…will/shall2 be made… (一般將來時(shí))

　　(8)…would be made… (過去將來時(shí))

　　例：

　　You are invited to the birthday party.

　　It was made for Tom by Wang Lin in China in 1990.

　　The letter has been finished.

　　The letter has not been finished.

　　The house is being built.

　　Has the letter been finished?

　　The letter will be finished this evening.

　　The building shall be founded next year.

　　另：結(jié)合“will/shall/would be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，可延伸到“can/may /must/ should/has to/have to/to be going to+be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”等帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)以及各種結(jié)構(gòu)的變換方式。如：

　　It will be given to him.

　　The building shall be founded next year.

　　Apples cannot be kept for a long time.

　　The baby must be looked after carefully.

　　This problem should be resolved3 as soon as possible.

　　The dog has to be killed.

　　Many trees are going to be planted here.

2.語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí):語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本概念與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

3.初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)專題

4.初中英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)特點(diǎn)和用法

5.高考英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)與技巧方法

6.is being done是什么時(shí)態(tài)