高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)及練習(xí)

　　一.各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念：它是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的執(zhí)行或被執(zhí)行關(guān)系。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式是由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等的不同而變化。幾種常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式如下：

　　1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are +過(guò)去分詞

　　例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.

　　2.一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were +過(guò)去分詞

　　例如：These trees were planted the year before last.

　　3.一般將來(lái)時(shí) will/shall + be +過(guò)去分詞

　　例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.

　　4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are + being +過(guò)去分詞

　　例如：Your radio is being repaired now.

　　5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were + being +過(guò)去分詞

　　When he got there， the problem was being discussed.

　　6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has + been +過(guò)去分詞

　　His work has been finished.

　　Has his work been finished? Yes， it has. / No， it hasn’t.

　　7.過(guò)去完成時(shí) had + been +過(guò)去分詞

　　注意：

　　1.除了be之外的其它系動(dòng)詞如get， stay等也可以和過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.

　　2.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

　　More attention should be paid to the old in this country.

　　This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.

　　3.含有“be going to”， “be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)，其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)分別用“be going to + be +過(guò)去分詞”和“be to + be +過(guò)去分詞”。例如：

　　The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.

　　All these books are to be taken to the library.

　　4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通?？捎胋y 引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則不可以。例如：

　　The map was changed by someone.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

　　That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞通?？杀籿ery修飾，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞往往要用much修飾。

　　例如：

　　He was very excited.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　He was much excited by her words.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

　　5.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。有些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式有被動(dòng)意味，如 open， read， sell， shut， wash， wear， write等。此時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)一般是物。例如：

　　These books sell well.這些書(shū)很暢銷。

　　The door won’t shut.這門(mén)關(guān)不上。

　　The clothes wash well.這些衣服很好洗。

　　二.直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

　　(一)直接引述別人的原話，叫做直接引語(yǔ);用自己話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫做間接引語(yǔ)。間接引語(yǔ)一般構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。直接引語(yǔ)必須放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，間接引語(yǔ)則不用引號(hào)。直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，除將引語(yǔ)部分變成賓語(yǔ)從句外，還必須對(duì)直接引語(yǔ)中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等進(jìn)行改變。

　　1.時(shí)態(tài)的變化：直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常受轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞said， asked等的影響而使用過(guò)去化的時(shí)態(tài)，即把原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)向過(guò)去推，也就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，等等。例如：

　　Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework.”

　　→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.

　　2.人稱代詞、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等等的變化：根據(jù)意義進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化，例如：

　　She asked Jack，“Where have you been?”

　　→She asked Jack where he had been.

　　He said，“These books are mine.”

　　→He said that those books were his.

　　(二)直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，都使用陳述語(yǔ)序，但是因?yàn)樵涞木涫讲煌?，所以變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)所用的連詞會(huì)有所不同。直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般疑問(wèn)句，用連接詞whether或if;如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句，則用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)間接引語(yǔ)。轉(zhuǎn)述的動(dòng)詞一般用asked，可以在其后加上一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)me， him， her， us等。如：

　　She said，“Is your father at home?”

　　→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.

　　“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.

　　→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.

　　直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)原句的語(yǔ)氣(即請(qǐng)求或命令)加上ask， tell， order等動(dòng)詞，如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式前加not。其句型為：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如：

　　She said to us，“Please sit down.”

　　→She asked us to sit down.

　　He said to him，“Go away!”

　　→He ordered him to go away.

　　He said， “Don’t make so much noise， boys.”

　　→He told the boys not to make so much noise.

　　三. 語(yǔ)法練習(xí)

　　1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.

　　A. been given　　　B. given　　　C. to give　　　D. be giving

　　2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

　　A. gave　　　B. was given　　　C. was giving　　 D. had given

　　3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.

　　A. has broken into; has been stolen　　　　　B. had broken into; had been stolen

　　C. has been broken into; stolen　　　　　　　D. had been broken into; stolen

　　4. —Have you moved into the new house?

　　—Not yet， the rooms ___.

　　A. are being painted　　　B. are painting　　 C. are painted　　 D. are being painting

　　5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.

　　A. separated　　　B. spared　　　C. lost　　　D. missed

　　6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.

　　A. pay　　 B. paying　　 C. paid　　 D. to pay

　　7. Great changes ___ in the city， and a lot of factories ___.

　　A. have been taken place， have been set up

　　B. have taken place， have been set up

　　C. have taken place， have set up

　　D. were taken place， were set up

　　8. The suit’s finished， ___ it?

　　A. doesn’t　　　B. isn’t　　　C. hasn’t　　　D. has

　　9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough.

　　A. doesn’t feel　　　B. hasn’t felt　　　C. isn’t feeling　　　D. isn’t felt

　　10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world.

　　A. have grown　　　B. are growing　　 C. grow　　 D. are grown

　　11. These kinds of shoes ___ well.

　　A. were not sold　　 B. won’t be sold　　 C. are not sold　　 D. don’t sell

　　12. Text books ___ to come in time.

　　A. require　　　B. required　　　C. are required　　 D. are requiring

　　13. When the speaker entered the hall， all the listeners ___.

　　A. had seated　　　B. were seated　　　C. seated　　 D. were seating

　　14. Don’t get that ink on your shirt， for it ___.

　　A. won’t wash out　 B. won’t be washing　 C. isn’t washing out　 D. doesn’t wash out

　　15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.

　　A. wanted　　　B. was wanted　　 C. was wanting　　 D. had wanted

　　16. He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home.

　　A. leaving alone　　 B. being left alone　　 C. to be left lonely　　 D. to leave alone

　　17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.

　　A. have been married to　　　　　B. have married with

　　C. has been married　　　　　　　D. had married with

　　18. The TV play ___ last night.

　　A. was tired out me　　 B. tired out me　　 C. was tired me out　　 D. tired me out

　　19. I remember ___ for the job， but I forget the exact amount.

　　A. to be paid　　 B. being paid　　 C. to pay　　 D. paying

　　20. In front of the hall color flags were ___.

　　A. hunged　　　B. hanged　　　C. hang　　　D. hanging

　　語(yǔ)法練習(xí)答案：

　　1-10： ABDAA　 CBBAC　 11-20： DCBAB　 BADBD