英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果或表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，一起來(lái)看看吧。
英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)
一. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
?、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
?、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has+not+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
?、垡话阋蓡?wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
?、芴厥庖蓡?wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句(have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞)
二. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法
1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果。也就是說(shuō)，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。
I have already posted the photo.
我已經(jīng)郵寄出了照片。
與此種用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)一些模糊的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如already(肯定句), yet(否定句/疑問(wèn)句), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。
He has lived here since 1978.
自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
此種用法常與for(+時(shí)間段),since(+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子)連用。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
有些瞬間動(dòng)詞可變?yōu)檠永m(xù)動(dòng)詞：
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be dead
buy---have
fall ill---be ill
come back----be back
catch a cold----have a cold
三. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的考查，多以單選、句型轉(zhuǎn)換或詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)境中靈活運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)的能力。在考試中，會(huì)讓大家判斷是否該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，或者是考查“瞬間動(dòng)詞”不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用”這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
【典型例題】
His father_____the party since 1978
A.joind
B.has joined
C.was in
D.has been in
答案：D
解析：本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的熟練掌握。 since 1978表達(dá)“自從1978年一直到現(xiàn)在”，表示這件事情從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而且動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，A、B均為瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能與時(shí)間段連用，故排除;C為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也不行。
四. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 共同點(diǎn)：
動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去完成。
I saw the film yesterday evening.
I have seen the film before.
(看電影這件事都是在過(guò)去完成的。)
2. 區(qū)別：
?、佻F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。
?、谝话氵^(guò)去時(shí)通常與具體明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如yesterday, last week , two years ago，just now，in 2002 等;而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等模糊的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和 these days ,this week ,since..., for... 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
【典型例題】
—______ you your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished
B.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; have finished
答案：B
解析：本題考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別。問(wèn)句中的yet表明應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而回答中的a moment ago 是一個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
五. 過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)則
1. 規(guī)則變化：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的規(guī)則變化與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的規(guī)則變化相同。
?、?一般情況下，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked
visit---visited---visited
?、?以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
?、?以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied
cry---cried---cried
④ 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped
drop---dropped--dropped
英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)標(biāo)志詞
already
用在肯定句中(be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前)常與yet進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：I have already finished the work.我已經(jīng)完成這項(xiàng)工作了。 改為否定句：I haven't finished the work yet.我還沒(méi)有完成這項(xiàng)工作。改為一般疑問(wèn)句：Have you finished the work yet.
yet
放在否定句和一般疑問(wèn)句句末。
just, before, recently,still, lately,never,ever,twice, on several occasion,in the past/last few days/weeks/months/years,(up to)these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year(多用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)), up to present, so far,up to now,up till now,till now。
since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)=for+時(shí)間段since+一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句=since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)+ago
since+一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：He has been here since he joined the army。自從他參軍以來(lái),他一直在這兒。
英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)及答案
1. —______ my glasses?
—Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B. Had you see C. Would you see D. Have you seen
分析：D?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響：?jiǎn)栐捜说哪康氖窍胫姥坨R在哪里。又如：
—Have you waited long? 你等了很久嗎?
—No, I just arrived five minutes ago. 沒(méi)等多久，我剛到五分鐘。
2. I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t written
分析：A。由 recently 和 by now 可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。又如：
I’ve been on rather too many planes and trains recently. 近來(lái)我乘飛機(jī)和火車(chē)次數(shù)太多了。
We haven’t seen enough of Ray and Barbara recently. 近來(lái), 我們沒(méi)怎么看見(jiàn)雷和巴巴拉。
3. John and I ______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we ______ each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been; has seen B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen
分析：D。到目前為止成為朋友八年，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí); 在那次晚會(huì)相識(shí)成為朋友之前已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)幾次面，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。又如：
I have had this car for ten years. 這輛車(chē)我已經(jīng)買(mǎi)了十年了。
I haven’t seen Tom for two years. 我已經(jīng)有兩年沒(méi)見(jiàn)到湯姆了。
I’ve lived in Central London for six years now, so I’m used to the noise. 到目前為止，我已在倫敦中區(qū)住了6年，已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于那里的喧鬧聲了。
4. —How long ______ David and Vicky ______ married?
—For about four years.
A. were; being B. have; got C. have; been D. did; get
分析：C。由 For about four years 可知，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，排除 A 和 D; 與時(shí)間段連用，不可用 get married, 要用 be married。又如：
I’ve worn glasses for ten years. 我戴眼鏡已經(jīng)十年了。
The Kenways have lived here for five years. 肯威家在這兒已經(jīng)住了5年了。
5. How can you possibly miss the news? It ______ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be
分析：A。信息句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，根據(jù)后句中all day long判斷，這顯然是強(qiáng)調(diào)播放新聞對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，故選現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。又如：
We have waited all day. 我們等了整整一天了。
I haven’t seen her all day. 我一整天都沒(méi)看見(jiàn)她。
I’ve had a headache all day. 我整天都感到頭痛。
6. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book______50 million.
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
分析：A。因?yàn)閠hat is意為“換句話說(shuō)，即 (=in other words, which means)”，而前句中的謂語(yǔ)has set是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，后一句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，排除C和D; 又因主語(yǔ)the sales是復(fù)數(shù)，選出正確答案A。
7. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ______ increased enormously ever since.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
分析：C。因?yàn)閑ver since的意思是“從那時(shí)(1945年)起一直到現(xiàn)在”，表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻起一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have /has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，所以選C。
8. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science ______ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
分析：B。由表示對(duì)照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證明了”，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
9. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I ______ before.
A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had
分析：C。與before連用，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。再說(shuō)，此處沒(méi)有一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間或動(dòng)作比較，是不能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的。
10. My brother is an actor. He ______in several film so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
分析：C。因so far(到目前為止)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
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