如何把托福閱讀長難句化長為短
眾所周知，托福閱讀的最大特點(diǎn)之 -- 就是“長”-- 句子長、文章長、題目長。短短20分鐘內(nèi)做完一篇并且保證13-14道題目的正確率。那么，面對長度時怎么有效化解呢?今天小編就給大家分享一下如何把托福閱讀長難句化長為短?
如何把托福閱讀長難句化長為短
1. 長句子
俗話說得好，世上本沒有長難句，修飾成分多了便有了長難句。面對一個難以理解的長句子，我們首先去反應(yīng)一個問題，這個句子的生詞多不多?如果有較多不認(rèn)識的生詞，那么先從單詞的查漏補(bǔ)缺開始做起。然而本文的重點(diǎn)不是單詞的記憶，而是面對單詞基本都認(rèn)識，句子還是不理解或者讀不下去的問題該怎么辦。那么，問題的關(guān)鍵在于句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)你是否能夠明析，能否快速判斷出句子的主干和細(xì)節(jié)。接下來我們用一個例子加以說明。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
這個句子的單詞難度比較適中，但是句子本身的難度并不小。原因在于句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，我們來對它進(jìn)行庖丁解牛。
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
紅色部分劃出了這個句子的核心主干(即主謂賓)，間隔很大，支離破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒裝句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物動詞，后面卻加了介詞in，說明此處有倒裝，還原正常語序應(yīng)是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒裝出現(xiàn)的意義在于idea和need在原句中的后置定語(即藍(lán)色劃線部分)太長，為了防止頭重腳輕。
原句中綠色部分是人名的并列，也是本句主語art collectors的同位語。紫色部分是colonists的非謂語動詞后置定語，黃色部分是插入語用來進(jìn)一步解釋art collectors。
綜上所述，本句運(yùn)用了多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)(并列，倒裝，同位語，后置定語，插入語)把主干部分分割得支離破碎，如果對這些語法結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉的同學(xué)肯定會一下子摸不著頭腦。而如果能夠盡最大努力把握其用法，那么對閱讀的速度和正確率的提升都有很大幫助。
翻譯：幾位藝術(shù)收藏家(此處省略幾位藝術(shù)家名字)將歐洲藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱負(fù)的藝術(shù)家們，并在他們各自的社區(qū)建立了藝術(shù)具有價值的觀念和致力于鼓勵其發(fā)展的機(jī)構(gòu)的需要。
2. 長文章
說完句子結(jié)構(gòu)，下面來說說段落和文章結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。面對比較長的段落和文章，要在短時間內(nèi)快速抓住重點(diǎn)信息，做對題目，那么對文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真題文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落為例來講解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
對于這種較長的段落，如何快速辨別段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句與句之間的邏輯是理解的關(guān)鍵。[一般來說，段落的主題常出現(xiàn)的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，那么要注意轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容與前面相反而且是重點(diǎn)。]
這個段落，首句在講兩個黨派的社會組成是相似的，接著的第二三句出現(xiàn)了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了兩點(diǎn)相似之處。第四句出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵性的however，而該句以及接下來的句子主語也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變，都變?yōu)閮蓚€黨派的其中一個。那么，可以推斷出however之后的內(nèi)容與前面相反，所以段落的主題落在了Democrats和Whigs社會組成的不同之處。
3. 長題目
(包括選項(xiàng))
有些學(xué)生過五關(guān)斬六將，好不容易將文章意思弄懂的差不多了，一看題目和選項(xiàng)瞬間又一臉懵x。于是只能依靠“經(jīng)典口訣”來蒙答案，三短一長選一長，三長一短選一短，參差不齊就選c。大家不要模仿哦!
選項(xiàng)看不懂這種情況的出現(xiàn)是為什么呢?主要原因在于選項(xiàng)的同義改寫。
同義，意味著核心意思保持一致;改寫，意味著換一種說法，簡單的例如替換同義詞語，復(fù)雜的例如改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)。下面，我們結(jié)合前面所講的長難句理解內(nèi)容來做一道句子簡化題。
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
答案：選D
單詞：
integrate v. 使融合;使結(jié)合
dominate v. 主宰
semisubsistence n. 半自給自足
languish v. 失去活力
快速做法：
Step 1：根據(jù)邏輯排除A，因果邏輯無
Step 2：根據(jù)主干結(jié)構(gòu)排除C，主語不對
Step 3：細(xì)讀B和D，發(fā)現(xiàn)B與原句矛盾，排除。
詳細(xì)解析：
原句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單易懂，主語是紅色部分。句子邏輯是綠色的whereas，表示“然而”。所以這句話是在對比Whigs和Democrats勢力分布上的區(qū)別。
A選項(xiàng)的極端詞only、最高級wealthiest、because因果邏輯均無體現(xiàn)
B選項(xiàng)表示兩個黨派的勢力在城市和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)各自自然分布，與原句前半句矛盾
C選賢偷換主干，原句主干不是farming areas
D選項(xiàng)涉及同義改寫，whereas與while同義替換，邏輯對應(yīng)。poorer areas同義對應(yīng)原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同義對應(yīng)原句的fully integrated into market economy
根據(jù)上文總結(jié)在做長難句時，首先排除與原句不符的改寫，其次要看主干結(jié)構(gòu)與原句是否一致。
托福閱讀解決長難句技巧
托福閱讀中大家最煩的就是長難句了，不僅影響理解還浪費(fèi)不少時間，其實(shí)對于托福閱讀的長難句大家要學(xué)會化繁為簡，這也是托福閱讀備考要重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)和理解的地方。
所謂主謂分隔，其實(shí)就是主語和謂語之間有著長長的修飾性成分將其隔開，這些修飾性成分可以是形容詞/副詞、介詞短語、非謂語(過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、動詞不定式)，也有可能是從句(定語從句、同位語從句)。
所以要想又快又好地理解句子，需要我們迅速識別修飾性成分，抓住句子主干。下面我們就分別來看看如何從不同類型的修飾性成分中找出句子主干。
推薦閱讀：想要科學(xué)分配托福閱讀的時間?你需要這么做
形容詞、副詞
eg. Animals / able / to tolerate low temperature/ of the North Pole / can survive.
主干部分為主謂句型：動物能存活。
able形容詞后置定語修飾主語：能夠忍受北極低溫的動物能存活。
介詞短語
eg. / Thus / a part / of the total space / of any object / consists of empty space.
主干部分內(nèi)容：一個部分包含空的空間。
of介詞短語后置修飾主語：任何物體的總空間的一部分包含空的空間。
非謂語動詞
動詞不定式：The best way to calm her down is to buy her some food and let her rest.
主干內(nèi)容為：最好的方法是買食物給她讓她休息。
動詞不定式作后置定語修飾主語：讓她冷靜的最好方法是買食物給她，讓她休息。
現(xiàn)在分詞：A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provides evidence of the result of the Cambrian(寒武紀(jì))explosion.
主干內(nèi)容為：第三個化石形成物提供了寒武紀(jì)爆發(fā)結(jié)果的證據(jù)。
現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語修飾主句主語：包含軟體動物和硬體動物的第三個化石形成物提供了寒武紀(jì)爆發(fā)結(jié)果的證據(jù)。
過去分詞：The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.
主干部分為：提高了的價值也幫助解釋了出生率的增長。
過去分詞短語作后置定語修飾主句主語：家庭觀念方面的提高的價值也幫助解釋了出生率的增長。
從句
定語從句：Girls { who have dolls [that cost more than 10 dollars] } formed a little club.
主干部分為：女孩們組成了小社團(tuán)。
定語從句先行詞為主句主語：那些擁有價值十美元以上娃娃的女孩們組成了小社團(tuán)。
同位語從句：The fact { that artisans are frequently considered artists today } is / directly /attributable / to the Arts and Crafts Movement / of the nineteenth century /.
主干部分為：事實(shí)可以直接歸因于十九世紀(jì)的工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動。
同位語從句修飾主句主語：工匠們在今天往往被認(rèn)為是藝術(shù)家的事實(shí)可以直接歸因于十九世紀(jì)的工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動。
希望大家能夠有時間管理的概念，合理的利用好戰(zhàn)場上的每分每秒。
托福閱讀文章句間關(guān)系之比較關(guān)系詳解
句間關(guān)系——比較關(guān)系(涉及的題型有：細(xì)節(jié)題/修辭目的題/推理題/句子插入題)
比較關(guān)系在句子之間的體現(xiàn)我想先從修辭目的題說起。各位考生可以先用三十秒的時間來瀏覽下下文的這段話。
“Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.”
讀過這篇文章的考生應(yīng)該不陌生，是官方指南上的第六篇例文。這道題目問的是作者為什么要提及陰影部分的這部分信息。通過句尾的四個單詞，考生們能夠感覺到飛機(jī)的這一操作其實(shí)和前文描寫魚在海里游的行為具有相同的道理，也就能判斷出最后兩句話之間是類比的關(guān)系。所以修辭目的題中對于比較關(guān)系的考察還是比較容易上手的,無外乎對比和類比兩個角度。
在推理題中，比較關(guān)系是常見的推理思路——“反向推理”的邏輯基礎(chǔ)。以官方指南上一篇講到“Himalayas”和“Caledonia”山脈的文章，作者利用了對比的手法論證山的高度和年齡之間的關(guān)系。不僅有時間上的比較，也有兩座山之間的比較，這種類型的題目往往是考生們會出錯的點(diǎn)。所以在以比較手法為主導(dǎo)的文章中，考生們一定要注意去梳理段落中的比較關(guān)系，這些關(guān)系出沒的地方，往往都是會出題的位置。
至于細(xì)節(jié)題中比較關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)，最典型的莫過于官方指南在閱讀部分大綱介紹中的“Applied arts and Fine arts”。整個文章都是以對比的手法呈現(xiàn)的。類似的文章還有練習(xí)題中關(guān)于黑尾鹿和白尾鹿的話題以及太陽系里星球的話題。這種類型的文章在細(xì)節(jié)題上容易出現(xiàn)整段出題的情形，也就是答案是段落中心句的概括，這種考察角度對于考生的要求還是比較高的，不僅要從內(nèi)容上理解，還要從句間關(guān)系上進(jìn)行把握。比較關(guān)系在句子插入題中出現(xiàn)的形式基本上與前文提到的類似，因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)的頻率沒有那么高，在此就不再贅述。
托福閱讀材料練習(xí)：火星探索
Phoenix will be followed by the Mars Science Laboratory in 2011, a bigger, faster (90 m/h), and smarter version of the Mars Exploration Rovers. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 13 m.
The joint Russian and Chinese Phobos-Grunt mission to return samples of Mars’s moon Phobos (grunt is the Russian word for soil) was originally scheduled for October 2009, but the mission was postponed till the next launch window in 2011. On September 15, 2008, NASA announced MAVEN, a robotic mission in 2013 to provide information about Mars’ atmosphere.In 2018 the ESA plans to launch its first Rover to Mars; the ExoMars rover will be capable of drilling 2 m into the soil in search of organic molecules.
The Finnish-Russian MetNet mission will land tens of small vehicles on the Martian surface to establish a widespread surface observation network to investigate the planet’s atmospheric structure, physics and meteorology.A precursor mission using one or a few landers is scheduled for launch in 2009 or 2011. One possibility is a piggyback launch on the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission.
Manned Mars exploration by the United States has been explicitly identified as a long-term goal in the Vision for Space Exploration announced in 2004 by the then US President George W. Bush.NASA and Lockheed Martin have begun work on the Orion spacecraft, formerly the Crew Exploration Vehicle, which is currently scheduled to send a human expedition to Earth’s moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to an expedition to Mars thereafter. On September 28, 2007, NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin stated that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.
ESA hopes to land humans on Mars between 2030 and 2035.This will be preceded by successively larger probes, starting with the launch of the ExoMars probe and a joint NASA-ESA Mars sample return mission.
Mars Direct, an extremely low-cost human mission proposed by Bob Zubrin, a founder of the Mars Society, uses heavy-lift Saturn V class rockets, such as the Space X Falcon 9, or, the Ares V, to skip orbital construction, LEO rendezvous, and lunar fuel depots. A modified proposal, called "Mars to Stay", involves not returning the first immigrant/explorers immediately, if ever. Dean Unick has suggested the cost of sending a four to six person team is one fifth to one tenth the cost of returning that same four to six person team; twenty settlers could be sent for the cost of returning four.
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