雅思閱讀同義替換考點(diǎn)之死穴分析
同義替換是雅思考試的重點(diǎn)考察方式,遍布聽說讀寫4科,在雅思閱讀上,則是舉足輕重的存在,可謂得同義替換者,得雅思閱讀天下。下面是小編為您收集整理的雅思閱讀同義替換考點(diǎn)之死穴分析,供大家參考!
雅思閱讀同義替換考點(diǎn)之死穴分析
上義詞與下義詞相信是為大部分Ieltser所不熟悉的,但在雅思閱讀的同義替換考察中,它卻是幽靈殺手般的存在。。本文將通過多種雅思閱讀題型實(shí)例來展示一下上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀各種題型中的應(yīng)用,希望能給大家一些啟發(fā)。
首先,我們來看一道雅思閱讀判斷題,選自C5-P42-Q13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.本題定位原文最后一段難度不大,但很多同學(xué)把最后一段看了一遍又一遍,還是沒有結(jié)果。大家也不妨試一下。原文如下:
Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion - 'the material of a thousand uses,. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.
實(shí)際上,此題就運(yùn)用了雅思閱讀同義替換之上義詞替換下義詞這一伎倆。我們可以通過colours 定位到原文這樣的信息‘ no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era’。也就是將colours替換了文中大部分學(xué)員比較熟悉browns。由于看出limit與restrict的替換難度并不大,那么此題與原文中no longer矛盾,選FALSE也就很輕松了。
其實(shí),不僅僅是判斷題,在雅思閱讀填空題中的應(yīng)用也讓不少學(xué)員嘗到很多苦頭。我們再看一個(gè)例子,選自C6-P29-Q40 ........... produce is particularly expensive. 此題在原文中的定位難度也不大,很多學(xué)員都定位了如下的原文內(nèi)容。
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat.
但是,具體答案定位哪一句,很多同學(xué)犯了難,原文中根本就沒有與答案最為密切的produce。我們再仔細(xì)分析一下,原來題干中的produce (農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)可以替換原文中meat,答案也就是imported了。在這里,我只能說不熟悉這種命題思路的烤鴨被害慘了。
其實(shí),相比以上兩種題型,上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀段落信息配對題的出現(xiàn)頻率更高。比如,C9-P93-Q18:
reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour, 其中‘a particular form of behaviour’替換了原文H段的‘a struggle over toy’, 再比如C9-P43-Q5: a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others,其中‘medical conditions’替換了原文D段的 ‘hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD)’。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),題干中的名詞可能會(huì)作為上義詞來考查,回原文定位時(shí)需要留意該詞的具體化概念,并謹(jǐn)記‘題上文下’的雅思閱讀同義替換原則。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞講解 8種類型助你不再迷茫
在雅思閱讀具體的解題過程中,其實(shí)有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn),就是定位到關(guān)鍵詞,可如何快速定位呢?那么就要運(yùn)用到文章中廣泛出現(xiàn)的雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞了??梢哉f提升雅思閱讀速度,答題準(zhǔn)確率,都要靠這些信號(hào)詞的導(dǎo)引。
雅思閱讀當(dāng)中,與考點(diǎn)相關(guān)的信號(hào)詞根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系可以八大類,分別是表順接和遞進(jìn),表對比和轉(zhuǎn)折,表相似,表排列次序,表強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,表最高級(jí)。比較級(jí),表因果關(guān)系,表舉例子和說明。信號(hào)詞好比旅途中的路標(biāo)與燈塔,讓你不致迷路,可以朝著發(fā)現(xiàn)解題題眼的正確方向邁進(jìn),所以,熟練掌握各類雅思閱讀關(guān)鍵詞是雅思高分的基本條件之一。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之一、順接和遞進(jìn)
例詞:also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…
考點(diǎn):And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom… (C6, P28, Q31找標(biāo)題)
解析:And在這句話開頭,有一定的遞進(jìn)含義,this wisdom則是指代了前面一句話出現(xiàn)的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因紐特人傳統(tǒng)的知識(shí)),所以這兩句話有緊密的聯(lián)系,同學(xué)們在讀題的時(shí)候要通過發(fā)現(xiàn)信號(hào)詞,然后發(fā)散地看它的前后句,最后把考點(diǎn)考察的 意思補(bǔ)充完整。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之二、對比和轉(zhuǎn)折
例詞:however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison, while
考點(diǎn):But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. (C7 P24 Q20)
解題:此題是段落大意配對題,在確定H段段落大意時(shí),段落中間but之后出現(xiàn)的那句話就是解題的關(guān)鍵,根據(jù)句子中出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)比較級(jí),可以確定答案應(yīng)該為X The need to raise standards.
考點(diǎn):While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanove and his associates. (C7 P27 倒數(shù)第二段 Q39, 40)
解析:段首句用while引起注意,我們可以根據(jù)success, 和后半句中的few teachers, spectacular results, 搞定最后兩個(gè)填空題。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之三、相似
例詞:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way, as …
考點(diǎn): Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.(C4, P28, Q40)
解析:題目考的是對文章的總結(jié)。因此解題時(shí)重點(diǎn)看文章中表示結(jié)論的句子,thus這個(gè)單詞給了我們提示,而句子中的as.。.do表達(dá)的是一個(gè)相似的邏輯,因此答案可以確定為B。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之四、排列次序
例詞:firstly, second, another, the second, the most, the best, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考點(diǎn):First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world i an objective and impersonal way,。。. (C5, P49, Q30-31)
解析:題目30-31考的是并列和否定的邏輯關(guān)系,原文中的first, second, 對應(yīng)的就是題目中的neither.。.nor.。。這個(gè)并列關(guān)系,這兩題的答案就迎刃而解了。
考點(diǎn):First mechanism, then mass use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering – the onward marching of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last hal- century, as the yields of produce have soared. (C7, P44, Q15)
解析:段首句連用表示次序的信號(hào)詞,first, then, then… and now, 體現(xiàn)發(fā)展的不同階段。(the stages of development of farming industry C7 P77 選擇配對)
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之五、強(qiáng)調(diào)作用
例詞:in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…
考點(diǎn):This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates… (C5, P21, Q18 信息包含題)
解析:信息包含題考察細(xì)節(jié)是在哪個(gè)段落出現(xiàn),在做此類題目時(shí),要注意信號(hào)詞與考點(diǎn)的密切相關(guān)性,從而迅速找準(zhǔn)答案。這里出現(xiàn)了in essence(實(shí)質(zhì)上),起了一定的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,迅速掃讀后,發(fā)現(xiàn)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了題目關(guān)鍵詞sociobiology, 破折號(hào)后面的介詞to表目的,與題目中的the general aim of一致對應(yīng)。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之六、最高級(jí)、比較級(jí)
例詞:–est, most, best, more, better, superior, inferior, preferable, exclusively, extremely.。。
考點(diǎn):Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. (C5, P44, Q24)
解析:題目中出現(xiàn)了最高級(jí)the most difficult tasks, 因此在原文中也應(yīng)該相應(yīng)的出現(xiàn)最高級(jí)。除了明顯的the most, -est, 還有些單詞本身也含有最高級(jí)的含義,比如extremely, exclusively, superficially, 文中的這個(gè)extremely demanding對應(yīng)的就是題目中的最高級(jí),所以答案也確定。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞之七、因果關(guān)系
例詞:as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of…
考點(diǎn):Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.(C6, P94, Q33)
解題:題目問的是學(xué)校否認(rèn)問題反應(yīng)了什么,就是這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的根本原因。因此原文中consequence就給解題提供了信息,根據(jù)consequence之前的一句話就可以將答案找到。
雅思閱讀信號(hào)詞八、舉例子和說明
例詞:for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including…
考點(diǎn):Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton… (C5, P39, Q5 流程圖)
解析:我們看到such as后面是舉例子,such as后面的例子可以作為定位詞,woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一種。Fillers在這里就是一個(gè)概括性的詞語,常常是考點(diǎn)。